تحلیل عوامل موثّر بر تنوّع بخشی اقتصاد غیرکشاورزی و اثرات آن بر پایداری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی(مطالعۀ موردی: بخش سرولایت شهرستان نیشابور)

اهداف: تحقیق حاضر بر آن است تا عوامل بسترساز بخش غیرکشاورزی در ابعاد نظام محیطی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، سیاسی و کالبدی و اثرات آن بر پایداری سکونتگاه های روستایی در دهستان سرولایت شهرستان نیشابور را بررسی و تجزیه‏و تحلیل کند. روش: این پژوهش با استفاده از روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با بهره گیری از شیوۀ پیمایشی (پرسش نامه) در قالب 5 مولّفۀ زمینه ساز اشتغال غیرکشاورزی (محیطی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، کالبدی و سیاسی) و تاثیرات آن بر توسعۀ سکونتگاه‌های روستایی بخش سرولایت شهرستان نیشابور با استفاده از آزمون های آماری t تک‏نمونه ای، تااوبی کندال و رگرسیون چندگانه انجام گرفته است. تعداد روستاهای موردبررسی براساس میزان جمعیت (روستاهای بالای 50 خانوار) تعداد 13 روستا به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند که براساس فرمول کوکران، حجم نمونه 324 خانوار تعیین شد.یافته‌ها/نتایج: یافته‌های حاصل از مطالعۀ میدانی نشان می‌دهد به غیر از مولّفه‌های نظام‌های محیطی و کالبدی که شرایط مساعدی را به جهت ایجاد و گسترش مشاغل غیرکشاورزی در بخش موردمطالعه نشان داده است، دیگر مولّفه‌های زمینه ساز اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی به گونه‌ای نبوده است که زمینه را جهت ایجاد و گسترش مشاغل غیرکشاورزی فراهم آورد. نتیجه گیری: مساعدنبودن مولّفه های زمینه ساز ایجاد و توسعۀ بخش غیرکشاورزی، به ویژه مولّفه های اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی موجبات جابه جایی‌های گستردۀ روستایی ـ شهری، به ویژه نیروهای جوان و تحصیل کرده به شهرستان نیشابور و دیگر شهرهای استان و به دنبال آن، ازدست رفتن فرصت های اقتصادی به ویژه در بخش کشاورزی را فراهم آورده و منجر به ناپایداری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی در ناحیۀ موردمطالعه شده است.

Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Diversification of NonAgricultural Economics and its Impact on the Sustainability of Rural Settlements: A Case Study of Sarvelayat Division, Neyshabur County

Extended Abstract1 IntroductionStructural weakness of rural areas around the country leads villagers to migrate to urban areas looking for better opportunities; phrases like "having no future ", or "lack of opportunity ", which is clearly stated in comments of rural migrants, reveal the fact that a new paradigm must be taken into consideration in order to solve the problem of ruralurban migration. Sustainable rural development has a crosssectoral nature in this paradigm which includes important issues like developing infrastructure, decentralization, strengthening local institutions, diversification of income sources as well as insisting on nonagricultural activities, in addition to agriculture and providing food security; this happens through providing infrastructure and empowering the villagers to have a tendency toward nonagricultural payrolls and removing their challenges, whether through empowering internal factors in villages or through state and external policies to control and reinforce bases and foundations of sustainable rural economy, etc. 2 Theoretical FrameworkSustainable rural economy is an approach to develop in which efficiency, justice, and sustainability are mixed together in a manner that efficiency guarantees optimal use of natural resources, justice guarantees poverty alleviation and removing the gap between the rich and the poor yet the aim of sustainability is sustainable livelihood in keeping with the future livelihood through conserving natural resources. Traditionally, nonagricultural economy of a village is taken into consideration as a descending section with low productivity which rural farmer households consider as a supplementary to their income next to agriculture during the time, however, its role in reducing poverty and economic growth in developing countries has been clearly revealed since 1990s. The role of nonagricultural economy in the potential development of rural areas and recruiting unemployed rural workforce, etc. is highly studied in the previous two decades. Additionally, nonagricultural activities in rural areas not only reduce the flow of migration out of villages but also motivate the reverse flow. 3 MethodologyThis study uses an analytical method and a survey in the form of 5 underlying components of nonagricultural payrolls (environmental, social, economic, structural, and political) and their effects on sustainability of rural settlements in Sarvelayat section of Neyshabur town. In order to analyze the underlying components of creation and development of nonagricultural payrolls, this study takes advantage of 5 components of environmental, social, economic, structuralinfrastructural and political systems; afterwards, survey techniques, such as targeted interviews and questionnaire, were used to analyze the role of underlying components of nonagricultural payrolls on the sustainability of rural settlements which include questionnaire of rural families ' heads and rural questionnaire. Therefore, the singlesample ttest in SPSS software was used to survey the relationship among underlying components of nonagricultural payrolls and, in the next step, measure of Kendall Tau link was used to survey the relation between underlying components of nonagricultural payrolls and sustainability of rural settlements. Finally, the multivariate regression test was used to survey the effects of underlying components of nonagricultural payrolls on sustainability of rural settlements of Sarvelayat section. In the end, direct and indirect effects of underlying components on developing and distributing nonagricultural payrolls were analyzed. 4 Results & Discussion Generally, findings reveal the unfavorable situation of the underlying components of nonagricultural payrolls in a manner that except the components of the environmental system and structuralinfrastructural system which is related to the natural and infrastructural network, the rest of underlying social, economic, and political components show a level lower than average which reveals an apparent contradiction with the sustainable approach in the studied area. 5 Conclusions & SuggestionsGenerally, the findings reveal the unfavorable situation of nonagricultural underlying components so that components of social, economic, and political systems, such as state institutions investment and information dispersion forces in both social (empowering villagers in the dimensions of education, awareness of social and economic issues of their own village and …) and economic (investment, distribution of credits and government 's financial support in providing bank facilities and loans to villagers and …) dimensions, the amount of agricultural production as well as availability of animal and agricultural products in order to create transformative and supplementary industries in villages, financial and the earning situation of villagers due to agricultural activities as the facilitating agent to create nonagricultural activities, motivation among villagers to create nonagricultural payrolls, effectiveness of young and skilled workforce in villages, social and economic cooperation of villagers in local organizations, etc. was not enough to pave the way for the creation and dispersion of nonagricultural payrolls. Therefore, it is essential that the following presuppositions and suggestions are more noticed in relation to facilitating indices of social, economic, and political empowerment: Improving cognitive and skilled fields of villagers through empowering educational sources and a suitable system of dispersion and information to reach a rural society of aware, wise, creative, entrepreneur, and flexible people. Encouraging villagers to participate in group activities in various economic and social fields as well as understanding the economic and social benefits of collective work compared to individual work to lead villagers to create and develop nonagricultural activities, etc.