تحلیلی بر معرفت تاریخی حافظ شیرازی

دیوان حافظ‌، تجسم و عصاره‌ی منظرها، سرگذشت‌ها و‌‌حافظه‌ی هستی‌شناسانه و تاریخی ماست، که در یکی از پرآشوب‌ترین دوره‌های تاریخی، رسالت پویایی جهان‌بینی ایرانی را، به گونه‌ای شگفت‌انگیز ادا نموده است. در این میان، پیش‌داشت‌ها و ویژگی‌های بینش تاریخی حافظ در اشعارش، مساله‌ی غامض و قابل درنگی است که چندان به آن پرداخته نشده است. این جستار با روشی توصیفی تحلیلی و استعانت ممکن از مباحث نظری هایدگر پیرامون وجود انسانی«دازاین»، با تمرکز بر دیوان حافظ شیرازی، زمینه‌ها و آبشخورهای بینش تاریخی وی و همچنین ویژگی‌های آن را در کانون توجه خود قرار داده است. دریافته‌‌های این تحقیق نشان میدهند که طرح بینش تاریخی حافظ در اشعارش، برانگیخته از دنیای تاریخی، تاریخمندی و خودفهمی اوست. واقع‌بودگی، افکند‌گی و پیش‌فهم‌های تاریخی حافظ ، ظرفیت‌ها و امکانات خاصی را در شکل‌گیری بینش تاریخی وی فراهم نموده است. موقعیت مهم زمانی و مکانی حافظ، در کنار آشنایی عمیق او با قرآن، شاهنامه و متون تاریخی و فرهنگی گذشته، موجب شده تا نظام معرفت تاریخی وی در برخی از آثارش، با مفاهیم و ویژگیهایی چون: تاریخ به مثابه‌ی ابزاری در خدمت حکمت و عبرت، مشیت‌ واختیارباوری، توجه ویژه به جام‌جم، اهتمام به کاربست عناصر، مفاهیم و شخصیت‌های اسطوره‌ای و تاریخی ایران، اسلام و جهان، تعریف و در قالب ایهام، تلمیح و تمثیل، به گونه‌ای سحرانگیز و ازلی در دیوانش متجلی شود.

The Study of Historical Knowledge in Works ofHafez

IntroductionThere is a close relationship between history and literature while epistemology is one of the motivations for such a relationship (Farahani Monfared, 1994, 24). The arts and literature as well as science and technologies are relied on the past events. Historical knowledge cannot be considered as a leisure activity, but it is an important obligation which is formed for general and particular apprehension (Stanford, 2007, 186). Epistemology is one of the three tenets for all sciences which create all process of knowledge and conceptualization along with ontology and methodology. Actually, epistemology deals with contexts of knowledge and the ways that human discover the world (Boril & Morgan, 2995, 9). According to Heidegger, the arts are manifestation, a different method which vitalize truth so each period correspond with the method that creates truth (Bolt, 1395:74)One the other hand, poetry as an abstract form of all arts is an ontological and historical manifestation. In these cases, a poet does not give historical and logical meaning to the phenomenon, though he is not separate from history and its related issues. According to Heidegger, poets are the excellence of their era, since they decide to capture the related aspects by their words. They are more ubiquitous than other humans and more sensitive to the potential capacity of the language in the cases of revealing the human dimensions for him as well as attachment to the historical, social and natural reality (Gelen Gary, 1999, 90). 2. MethodologyRecognition of Hafiz’s historical knowledge can explain the effect of his historical and social conditions as well as the level and characteristics of historical knowledge in his poetry, since Hafiz grew in particular historical and geographical contexts. This research with its descriptiveanalytic methods and utilization of Heidegger’s theoretical concepts tries to explain backgrounds, preconceptions, and the characteristics of his intuition and historical knowledge in his poems. 3. DiscussionHafiz reflects our intuition and heritage in the history. History does is not considered as the books and the texts that were used for historiography; but, it is defined as the issues and problems which are passed in the history of a country. On the other hand, it must be said that the poet is a historic creature who grows in a particular time and place; so, he mentions the concepts and the elements of their national and historical identity in the poems. This kind of utilization has a close relationship with historical knowledge and intelligence as well as his attitude to this sphere and history of its territory. The knowledge and mentality of Hafiz in his poetry are based on the historical events and its related elements. 4. ConclusionAny kind of understanding and recognition is basically chronological and historical. Realism, and Hafiz’s backgrounds as well as historical and social and cultural context of his time and his past had an effective role in definition and formation of his historical viewpoint and knowledge in his poetry. In fact, factors like Hafiz growing up in a religious family, his reliance on the Quran as an inspiring source, along with study and thinking in historical texts like Shahnameh, and being surrounded by  historical, ancient ad cultural geography of Fars and living in a turbulent period has brought special capacities in the presuppositions of his historical viewpoint.Hafiz’s historical view and knowledge in his poetry stems from various components like will and liberty, special attention to Jame Jam, making use of history as a means for creating content and serving as an example, trying to use historical and mythological elements, concepts and characters of Iran before and after Islam. Among these, prophets and religious figures besides historicak and mythological characters of Iran in preIslamic times had the highest frequency in his poems. In Hafiz’s poetry history and its relative concepts and elements have been used as a cognitive tool in the service of offering wisdom concepts and the transience of the materialistic world and power.