تجلی خلل‌های درونی و بیرونی دموکراسی‌ها در ناکارآیی

دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ را ﭘﺮآوازهﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ و ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺑﺮﺗﺮﯾﻦِ داﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎی آدﻣﯿﺎن ﻣﯽداﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻢﺗﺮ ﮐﺴﯽ از ﺗﺸﺒﺚ ﺑﻪ آن ﺧﻮدداری ﻣﯽورزد. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ وﺟﻮد، ﺑﯿﺶوﮐﻢ ﺗﻤﺎم دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﮐﺎرآﯾﯽ آﻧﺎن در ﻣﺴﯿﺮﺷﺎن ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺤﺮافﺷﺎن ﻣﯽاﻧﺠﺎﻣﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﺧﻄﺮی ﻓﺮاروی ﻫﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ آﺳﯿﺐزاﯾﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﯿﺖزداﯾﯽ دﭼﺎر ﮔﺮدد. ﻫﻤﯿﻦ زﻧﮓ ﺧﻄﺮ، ﺿﺮورت ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﭼﺮاﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ آﺳﯿﺐﻫﺎ را ﺿﺮوری ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﯽ و ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽﻫﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد در ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮه ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ ﻣﺤﺪود، ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎﺻﯽ از دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اوﺻﺎف ﻣﻌﯿّﻨﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﮔﺮدد. ﺳﻮال ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺧﻠﻞﻫﺎ و ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ دوﮔﺎﻧﮕﯽ دروﻧﯽ و ﺑﺮوﻧﯽ آنﻫﺎ دﻻﻟﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. ﻣﺤﮏ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ در ﺳﻨﺠﻪ آزﻣﻮن و ﺑﺮآﻣﺪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ، ﺷﯿﻮه ﮔﺮدآوری ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪای اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﺧﻠﻞﻫﺎی دروﻧﯽ دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽﻫﺎ ﺑﺮآﻣﺪه از ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪاﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯽﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻨﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ، ﻧﺎآﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺿﻌﻒ داﻧﺸﯽ و ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖﻃﻠﺒﯽ در ﮐﻨﺎر ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎت اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ از ﺧﻮاﺳﺖ و ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻨﺤﺮف ﻣﯽﮔﺮدﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮوﮐﺮاتﻫﺎی ﻏﯿﺮاﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺤﻠﻪ و ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ اداری ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺮ ﻧﻔﻊ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ ارﺟﺢ ﻣﯽ اﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼوه، ﻧﻔﻮذﮔﺮی ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎی ذیﻧﻔﻮذ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢﮔﯿﺮی و ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢﺳﺎزی را از ﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﻨﺤﺮف ﻣﯽﺳﺎزﻧﺪ و اﻧﺤﺮاف در اراﺋﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﭼﺎر از اراﺋﻪ آنﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﺧﻠﻞﻫﺎی ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﺎﮐﺎرآﯾﯽ دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.

the reflection of intrinsic and extrinsic deficiencies of democracy in inefficiency

democracy is one of the most renown political systems and one of the most valuable assets of human being.however almost all democracies contain deficiencies which impairs their efficiency and can cause deviations in their path toward the optimum purpose.such deficiencies can be seen in the path of any political system known as democracy and can in turn lead to vulnerabilities of such democracy or delegitimization thereof.it is such risks that necessitate the study of the reasons behind such vulnerabilities. however, considering the variety and differences existing among democracies, any research with a limited subject needs to be focused only on specific types of democracies.the present research addresses the question of identifying those deficiencies based on the hypothesis that such deficiencies can be categorized into two types of intrinsic and extrinsic deficiencies.the research availing itself of analytical descriptive methods with the support of library and internet resources indicates that the intrinsic deficiencies stem from the citizens who lack a tendency toward public actions, lack the sufficient knowledge and literacy and support those elected authorities who ignore and deviate from the public will and those bureaucrats who prefer their administrative interests to the public interest.as to the extrinsic deficiencies, one can refer to interference by certain stakeholders and deviating the decision making and decision building from the public will as well as the deciations in the public services expected from democracies. therefore, improvement of democratic life in the framework of democracy through known methods can result in resolution of such deficiencies.