modernization and political parties: a case study of the hashemi rafsanjani administration

This paper aims to explore the emergence of a political and social phenomenon, namely political parties, during a specific period in the history of contemporary iran, in order to move beyond simple analyses and present a deeper and more accurate understanding of political parties in iran. the question thatthis paper aims to answer pertains to the emergence of the executives of the construction of iran party (kargozaran-e sazandegi-e iran) and the role of the hashemi rafsanjani administration’s modernization efforts. in order to do so, among three main theories, modernization theory has been selected as the theoretical framework. the paper also uses secondary data analysis as its methodology. in new theories of modernization, instead of focusing on ‘ideal types’, the focus is shifted toward historical features specific to each society. the findings of this research demonstrate that there is a direct link between the hashemirafsaniani administration’s modernizations and the emergence of the executives of the construction of iran party (kargozaran party). this administration’s modernization efforts caused a significant shift in iran’s development indexes, which resulted in the revival of iran’s new middle class and provided a basis for the foundation of kargozaran party and its victories in subsequent elections. the party became the major proponent of political and economic reform, social liberties, and cultural tolerance in iran’s political arena.