prevalence of pressure ulcers in the icus of iranian hospitals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: patient safety is a fundamental right and a core priority in healthcare systems, aiming to prevent harm during diagnosis and treatment. pressure ulcers are a common problem in intensive care units (icus), causing significant physical, psychological, social, and financial burdens. although several studies have been conducted in iran, data remain fragmented and region-specific, preventing a comprehensive national estimate.aim: this systematic review was conducted with aim to determine the prevalence of pressure ulcers in the icus of iranian hospitals.method: this study was conducted as a systematic review and meta-analysis following gough's nine-stage framework. searches were performed in the international and national databases up to july 22, 2025, resulting in 16 eligible studies. study quality was assessed using a modified newcastle-ottawa scale. statistical analyses were performed with comprehensive meta-analysis software using a random-effects model.results: after excluding studies with potential bias, the pooled prevalence of pressure ulcers in iranian icu patients was estimated at 6.6% (5.2%-8.4%; 95% ci). the highest prevalence was reported in the eastern provinces. meta-regression showed a significant positive association between patient age and pressure ulcer prevalence, and an inverse association with sample size (p<0.05).implications for practice: pressure ulcers pose serious physical, psychological, social, and financial challenges for icu patients. healthcare facilities must prioritize the implementation of effective prevention protocols tailored to at-risk patients. regular, ongoing training and workshops for healthcare staff are essential to enhance knowledge and skills in pressure ulcer prevention. additionally, educating patients and their families about risk factors and preventive measures is vital to reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers and improve overall patient care outcome