تحدید حدود دریای خزر با تاکید بر کنوانسیون آکتائو 2018

درﯾﺎی ﺧﺰر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ درﯾﺎﭼﻪ ﺟﻬﺎن ﻫﻤﻮاره ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی و راﻫﺒﺮدی آن ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻓﻦآوری و اﻣﮑﺎن دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎی ﺳﺎﺣﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ زﻧﺪه و ﻏﯿﺮزﻧﺪهی آن، ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﭘﺲ از ﻓﺮوﭘﺎﺷﯽ اﺗﺤﺎد ﺟﻤﺎﻫﯿﺮ ﺷﻮروی و ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪی اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎی ﺳﺎﺣﻠﯽ ﺧﺰر از دو ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﺞ ﮐﺸﻮر، اﻓﺰاش ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﻣﺮوزه ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪی درﯾﺎی ﺧﺰر، رژﯾﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ و ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪی ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﺪود آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺪم ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ و اﺑﻌﺎد آن اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﭘﯿﺶ رو درﺻﺪد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ روﻧﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت رژﯾﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﺪود درﯾﺎی ﺧﺰر از ﮐﻨﻮاﻧﺴﯿﻮنﻫﺎی 1921 و 1940 ﺗﺎ ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ آنﻫﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﮐﻨﻮاﻧﺴﯿﻮن 2018 آﮐﺘﺎﺋﻮ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻨﻮاﻧﺴﯿﻮن آﮐﺘﺎﺋﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻨﻮاﻧﺴﯿﻮن 1982 ﺣﻘﻮق درﯾﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﺑﺮﺧﯽ واژﮔﺎن و اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮐﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ، ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪی ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺤﺎظ روﯾﻪی ﻗﻀﺎﺋﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ و اﺻﻮل و ﻣﻮازﯾﻦ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ رژﯾﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ درﯾﺎﻫﺎ، ﺗﻼش ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ آنﻫﺎ اﻗﺪام و ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ.

The Delimitation of the Caspian Sea, with emphasis on the Aktau Convention, 2018

The Caspian Sea, as the largest lake in the world, has always been one of the most important regions of the world. Technological advances and, as a result, increasing coastal stateschr('39') access to its living and nonliving resources have added to its economic and strategic importance. With the collapse of the Soviet :union: and the increase in the number of Caspian coastal states from two countries to five, the issue of access to the Caspian Sea and the exploitation of its existing resources has taken on new dimensions.Today, the most important issue in the Caspian Sea is the legal regime that governs it and the issue of delimitation that precedes other issues. The present article uses descriptiveanalytical and librarybased approaches to examine developments in the legal regime of the Caspian Sea from the 1921 and 1940 conventions to the most recent one, the 2018 Actau Convention.Given the relatively different areas defined by the Actu Convention in relation to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea and some terms and terminology generally used, the present article is concerned with international jurisprudence and principles of the law of the sea. It has, to some extent, provided analysis for their explanation.