قدرت رسمی و شیوه‌های ابراز مقاومت در گفت و گوهای روزمره در یک چایخانه به شیوۀ تحلیل‏ گفت وگوی انتقادی و نشانه‏ شناسی

در این مقاله با استفاده از روش‏های تحلیل‏گفت و گوی انتقادی، نشانه‏شناسی و تحلیل مقوله‏پردازی عضویت، به دنبال تحلیل گفت و گوهای مشتریان چایخانه‏ای در شهر مشهد بوده‏ایم. دغدغۀ اصلی آن بوده است که نشان دهیم چگونه این تعارض‏، در متن خاطرۀ مشترک چند نفر از مشتریان از مواجه با قدرت رسمی،‏ خود را نشان می دهد و چگونه در بیان چنین خاطراتی نشانه‌هایی از مقاومت، حتی در پایین‌ترین سطوح زندگی اجتماعی، در عرصۀ زیست جهان، مشاهده می شود. این تحقیق به روش کیفی و طی سه ماه حضور محقق در میدان تحقیق و ضبط صوتی گفت و گوها و رونوشت‏برداری مطابق قواعد تحلیل گفت و گو است. روش نمونه‏گیری مبتنی بر هدف بوده و از چهار گروه اصلی حاضر در چایخانه، گفتگوی میان اعضای یکی از گروه‏‏ها که شامل بیان خاطره‏ای طنزآمیز از مواجهه با نمادهای قدرت رسمی است، بررسی شده است. نتایج نشان می‏دهد که اعضای چایخانه با روش‏های غیرمستقیمی؛ نظیر کولونی‏شدن در میان گروه‏های خودی در جایی همچون چایخانه، در بیان طنزآمیز خاطرۀ خود از مواجهۀ مستقیم با قدرت رسمی، نوعی بی‏تفاوتی اجتماعی را در مقابل افزایش فشار قدرت رسمی بر حوزۀ زندگی روزمره نشان می‏دهند. همچنین، تحلیل ‏گفت و گوی انتقادی می‏تواند با بررسی دقیق و جزیی‏نگرانۀ چنین تعاملاتی در لحظات برخورد، بازنمایی روشنی از مکانیزم اعمال قدرت ارایه دهد و نشان دهد که چگونه و به چه نحوی عرصۀ قدرت به عرصۀ عمومی اعمال سلطه می‏کند.

Studying the Effects of Family and Friends on the Students’ Violence

Extended Abstract#13 #13 1 Introduction#13 Youth violence is a major problem that endangers public health in every society. Violence has a significant impact on the mortality of adolescents and young people in each country. Adolescents and young people are exposed to violence more than other age groups. Expansion of the scope of violence, outbreak, and aggression in the Iranian society, especially in recent years, is the most serious social harm. Family and friends play a great role in increasing or decreasing violence because they have more interaction with youth. The present study aims to investigate the students’ violence and answer the following questions: 1. How (what) is the rate of violence of high school students in Tehran? 2. What is the influence of such factors as family and friends on the violence of young people?#13 #13 2 Theoretical Framework#13 Several scholars have discussed the problem of violence, each studying this phenomenon from a different angle. Social learning theorists believe that crime, like other behaviors, is learned through acquiring the norms, values, and behaviors associated with criminal activity. In this perspective, it is assumed that children learn different behaviors through observation and imitation of behaviors that are observed or seen. The control theories assume that people apos s behavior is antisocial and people naturally tend to show deviance of behavior unless they are under control. This means that the absence or weakness of social control is the main cause of deviance. Pressure theories claim that crime is a function of conflict between the goals and tools that can use a legitimate way to achieve those goals.#13 #13 3 Methodology#13 Due to the nature of the study and the statistical population, crosssectional survey method was used. The statistical population includes all secondary school students in Tehran apos s nineteen regions. Based on the variance of the dependent variable estimated from the preliminary test and the Cochran formula with a probability of error of 4%, the sle size was estimated to be 600 people. To measure the level of students’ violence in the study, Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) was used. #13 #13 4 Results Discussion#13 The results of the study showed that mistreatment of parents with children, conflicting parents, lack of parental control over children apos s behavior, lack of parents’ attachment to children, parents’ low socioeconomic status, and delinquent friends had significant relationship with violence. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the variables of parents’ mistreatment with children, having a delinquent peer, lack of parental control, and parents’ low socialeconomic status had a positive effect on the students’ violence. The strongest predicting variable was having delinquent friends (ß= 0.475) and the weakest predictor was parents’ low socialeconomic status (ß= 0.093).#13 #13 5 Conclusions Suggestions#13 According to the survey results family and friends are the two main factors in the students’ violence. Providing a healthy family environment and close relationships between family members alongside the control of circle of students’ friends can reduce the likelihood of violence.