ضرورت بازنگری در گونه‌شناسی جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی

با توجه به شرایط اجتماعی و دانشگاهی دهه‌ 1970، گروهی از جامعه‌شناسان مبتکر و خلاق و با سنت‌های فکری مختلف، در شکل‌گیری جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی جدید سهم و نقش بسزایی داشتند. آن‌ها سعی کردند که پدیده‌های اقتصادی را متمایز از رویکرد اقتصاد نوکلاسیک تحلیل کنند. دراین‌میان، برخی از پژوهشگران حوزه‌ جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی را به دو گونه‌ قدیم و جدید تقسیم‌بندی کردند و پیشگام جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی جدید را «گرانووتر» معرفی کردند؛ درحالی‌که سنت‌های فکری متعددی در پدیدآمدن حوزه‌ جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی جدید نقش داشته‌اند؛ ازجمله رویکرد تحلیل شبکه، حوزه‌ جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی جدید و دیدگاه جامعه‌شناسی تحول‌یافته‌ فرهنگی. حک‌شدگی، محوری‌ترین مفهوم درمیان سنت‌های فکری جدید است که براساس آن، پدیده‌های اقتصادی متفاوت از علم اقتصاد متعارف تبیین شده‌اند. در این مقاله با بررسی انتقادی این تقسیم‌بندی در حوزه‌ جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی نشان داده می‌شود که جامعه‌شناسی نومارکسیستی احیاشده در دهه‌ 1970، ازنظر مفهومی و تجربی دستاوردهای مهمی در حوزه‌ جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی داشته‌ است که از سهم و نقش آن در شکل‌گیری این حوزه غفلت شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که در تعامل و ارتباط میان جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی و رویکرد جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی نومارکسیستی، جهت‌گیری‌ و تحلیل‌های چندجانبه و جدیدی ایجاد می‌شوند. همان‌گونه‌که جامعه‌شناسی نومارکسیستی احیاشده در دهه‌ 1970 در جامعه‌شناسی متعارف پذیرفته شده است و از دستاوردهای آن بهره گرفته می‌شود، در جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی نیز چنین تعاملی با جامعه‌شناسی نومارکسیستی سازنده است.

The Necessity of Revising the Typology of Economic Sociology

Extended Abstract;;Introduction;;The concept of economic sociology and its development goes back to the late 19th century, when the social sciences were created as an academic discipline and the founders of social sciences such as Weber, Durkheim and Simmel developed the boundaries of this discipline. In the 1980s, Granovetter historically divided economic sociology into two periods in his article Old and New Economic Sociology: A History and Agenda. Using this distinction in his various works, Swedberg divided economic sociology into two old and new histories and introduced Granovetter as the pioneer of the new economic sociology. This classification of economic sociology has become popular among economic sociology researchers. In this formulation, neoMarxist economic sociologists and various fields of sociology are not considered in the formation and development of this field. In this paper, we have tried to extract concepts that exist in theories of neoMarxist economic sociology and can be useful in analyzing economic behaviors and institutions and linking them to conventional economic sociology. The purpose of this article is to introduce neoMarxist economic sociology as one of the theoretical traditions in the field of economic sociology.;;Review of Literature;;The analysis of the views of new economic sociologists shows that economic sociologists have been less concerned with analyzing the reproductive structures of the capitalist system, and most of all have been examining the economic practice of network, firm, and market analysis. In other words, economic sociologists have been active within the framework of the capitalist system and have failed to expand the critical sociology of capitalism. The analysis of the dynamics and reproduction of capitalism has been neglected. NeoMarxist economic sociology has attempted to explain the relations of production, class relations, class status, and the deformation of economic institutions and, consequently, of exploitation in various forms of capitalism. Marxist economic sociologists have mostly analyzed the dynamics and reproduction of capitalism and examined the status of classes under monopoly capitalism.;;Method;;Documentary research has been used to answer the research question. The technique of gathering the data needed for analysis, themes and recurring concepts in the works of economic sociology.;;Results and Discussion;;The neoMarxist economic sociology approach has made important strides in complementing the field of economic sociology in general and has provided new insights in this area, including:;;The sociology of capitalist firm: The approach of neoMarxist economic sociology calls into question the principle of complete competition. According to this approach, monopoly economics should be considered instead of competitive economics. In the new economy there is much less competition between capitalists and producers than in the past, and the type of competition is different. Competition is about selling, not price. Baran and Sweezy (1966) have called this kind of competition a growing rationality. 2. The Problem of Action and its Motives: The approach of the neoMarxist economic sociology questions the principle of maximizing the profits of economics. Nineteenthcentury individual capitalist action sought to maximize the profit in the short run, while corporate executives sought to sacrifice shortterm profit for longterm profit. 3. Analyzing corporate economic management and the type of interaction with the workforce is an important part of the achievements of the neoMarxist economic sociology approach. 4. Workflow: Analyzing the status of the workforce, including bluecollar workers and office workers (whitecollar) in large corporations, and the labor and employment skills under the monopoly capitalist system is another important point to be analyzed in this approach. The discussion of skills in the new society is one of the most challenging issues that cannot be addressed without a neoMarxist economic sociology approach. 5. The absorption of economic surplus by the social institutions governing society and its results is an important issue in the field of economic sociology that has been considered and analyzed in this approach and can be discussed in the field of economic sociology.;Conclusion;;The revival of sociological Marxism in the 1970s has had a profound effect on American sociology. In some specialized fields of sociology, this revival has had more effects, including in the fields of economics and sociology. The effects of neoMarxist economic sociology have not only been at the macro level but also at the micro level with the initiative of authors such as Elaine Wright and Elster (2000). A more useful analysis can be made by combining neoMarxist economic sociology and economic sociology. By reinforcing marketoriented thinking and neoclassical economic theory, neoMarxist economic sociologists and other economic sociology researchers who are influenced by Weber apos;s, Durkheim apos;s, and Simmel apos;s views can achieve a common goal of criticizing market fundamentalism. Marxist economic sociology, with its critiques of various forms of capitalism and the neoclassical view of economics, can be a complement to theories of economic sociology. The neglect of neoMarxist analyzes renders economic sociology reductive. Marxist analyzes of economics, especially those more closely linked to sociology, must be taken seriously in economic sociology because it is essential for economic sociology.