Ethylene production and signaling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pollen grains is responsive to heat stress conditions

key message tomato pollen grains have the capacity for ethylene production, possessing specific components of the ethylene-biosynthesis and -signaling pathways, being affected/responsive to high-temperature conditions. abstractexposure of plants to heat stress (hs) conditions reduces crop yield and quality, mainly due to sensitivity of pollen grains. recently, it was demonstrated that ethylene, a gaseous plant hormone, plays a significant role in tomato pollen heat-tolerance. it is not clear, however, whether, or to what extent, pollen grains are dependent on the capacity of the surrounding anther tissues for ethylene synthesis and signaling, or can synthesize this hormone and possess an active signaling pathway. the aim of this work was (1) to investigate if isolated, maturing and mature, tomato pollen grains have the capacity for ethylene production, (2) to find out whether pollen grains possess an active ethylene-biosynthesis and -signaling pathway and characterize the respective tomato pollen components at the transcript level, (3) to look into the effect of short-term hs conditions. results: from accumulation studies showed that pollen, anthers, and flowers produced ethylene and hs affected differentially ethylene production by (rehydrated) mature pollen, compared to anthers and flowers, causing elevated ethylene levels. furthermore, several ethylene synthesis genes were expressed, with slacs3 and slacs11 standing out as highly hs-induced genes of the pollen ethylene biosynthesis pathway. specific components of the ethylene-signaling pathway as well as several ethylene-responsive factors were expressed in pollen, with sletr3 (ethylene receptor; named also nr, for never ripe) and slctr2 (constitutive triple response2) being hs responsive. this work shows that tomato pollen grains have the capacity for ethylene production, possessing active ethylene-biosynthesis and -signaling pathways, highlighting specific pollen components that serve as a valuable resource for future research on the role of ethylene in pollen thermotolerance.