reza baraheni as a resistant translator before the islamic revolution (1961–1979)

Provided that translation is a purposeful activity and conditioned by the receiving context, this study aimed at investigating how ‘resistance’ has been enacted in reza baraheni’s three literary translations into persian, produced during a period of time from 1961 to the islamic revolution in 1979 in iran. these chosen works include ivo andrich’s the bridge on the drina (1915), william shakespeare’s richard iii (1597), and carlo maria franzero’s cleopatra (1962). in order to explain the causes of such translations, an analytical model based on aristotle’s four types of cause, as proposed by pym (1998/2014) to study causation in translation was used, attempting to explore how the translator’s affiliations and ideologies as the efficient cause, his selections of texts to translate as the material cause, and his translation strategies and stylistic choices as the formal cause, facilitated the purpose of resistance in his translations as the final cause in an aristotelian sense.