green preparation, characterization, wound healing assessment, and histopathological evaluation of vitamin a encapsulated in niosome and solid lipid nanoparticle

Background: the purpose of the current work was to manufacture vitamin a (vit a) niosome and solid lipid nanoparticle (sln) using an ultrasonic approach and to evaluate its effect on wound healing. methods: the nanoparticles were prepared through an ultrasonication technique and characterized by dynamic light scattering (dls), and transmission electron microscopy (tem). further, the nanoparticles were evaluated for their various parameters such as ph, viscosity, spreadability, stability, in-vitro drug release study, in-vitro cytotoxicity, and in-vivo wound healing. results: tem confirmed the spherical nature of the vit a-niosome and sln. the vit a formulations (niosome and sln) were stable in the accelerated stability test (freeze-thaw cycle). vit a release from the sln gel and niosome gel was significantly higher (almost 70 and 80%, respectively) than simple vit a gel. according to the animal study, the wound healing closure in the vit a niosomal gel and vit a sln gel was greater than the other groups during the 21 days after surgery (p < 0.05) and was close to each other over time and on day 21. based on histological data, wounds treated with vit a niosome gel and vit a-sln gel had more collagen than the other groups. mda malondialdehyde (mda, an end-product of lipid peroxidation) significantly decreased in the vit a-niosome and vit a-sln gel group after 21 days, while glutathione peroxidase (gpx), superoxide dismutase (sod, an endogenous antioxidant), and hydroxyproline levels demonstrated an increase. conclusion: the findings of this study revealed that the prepared vit a nano-formulations could be used as a possible and safe nano-vesicle for vit a cutaneous delivery thus potentially opening up new prospects for the treatment of wound disorders.