تدوین مدل ساختاری پیش‌بینی طرحواره‌های ناسازگار بر اساس شیوه‌های فرزندپروری با میانجی‌گری سبک‌های دلبستگی و خلق و خو

مقدمه: خانواده نخستین محیط اجتماعی است که در رشد و تحول عاطفی افراد موثر است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین مدل ساختاری پیش بینی طرحواره‌های ناسازگار، بر اساس شیوه ‌های فرزندپروری با میانجی‌گری سبک‌های دلبستگی و خلق و خو دانشجویان انجام گرفت.روش کار: پژوهش حاضر، همبستگی و از نوع مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه مورد مطالعه آن کلیه دانشجویان دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج در نیمسال دوم سال تحصیلی 1400-1399 بودند، که از میان آنان به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس و آنلاین نمونه 380 نفری انتخاب شد. برای جمع آوری داده از پرسشنامه ‌های طرحواره young 1990، سبک اقتدار والدین buri 1991، دلبستگی بزرگسالان hazan و shaver 1987 و سیاهه سرشت و منش cloninger 1994 استفاده شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و مدل معادلات ساختاری در نرم افزار spss21 و نرم افزار amos24 استفاده شد. یافته ‌ها: نتایج نشان داد مدل آزمون شده از برازش مناسبی برخوردار است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که سبک فرزندپروی مقتدرانه با میانجی‌گری سبک دلبستگی ایمن و سبک‌های فرزندپروری مستبدانه و سهل‌گیرانه با میانجی‌گری سبک دلبستگی اجتنابی اثر غیرمستقیم بر طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه دارند (0.01>p). سبک فرزندپروری مقتدرانه با میانجی‌گری خودراهبری، همکاری و خودفراروی و سبک فرزندپروری مستبدانه با میانجی‌گری پشتکار، خودراهبری و همکاری و سبک فرزندپروی سهل‌گیرانه با میانجی‌گری آسیب‌پرهیزی بر طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه دانشجویان اثر علّی و غیرمستقیم دارند (0.01>p).نتیجه ‌گیری: با توجه به رابطه بین شیوه های فرزندپروری و خلق و خو با طرحواره‌های ناسازگار، از نتایج پژوهش حاضر می توان برای تبیین عوامل موثر بر طرحواره‌های ناسازگار و همچنین به عنوان الگویی مناسب برای طراحی برنامه‌های جامع پیشگیری از طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه بهره برد.

Development of a structural model for predicting maladaptive schemas based on mediated parenting practices attachment styles and temperament

IntroductionEarly maladaptive schemas are memories, emotions, bodily sensations, and cognitions that are formed in the mind at the beginning of development and are repeated throughout life and affect the way of interpreting experiences and relationships with others. Young et al. Have developed a classification of early maladaptive schemas that assumes that when caregivers do not adequately meet the child #39;s basic emotional needs, these schemas form in the child and persist into adulthood (5). These needs include the need for security and attachment, the need for independence, the need for freedom of expression and excitement, the need for spontaneity and fun, and the need for realistic constraints. These needs are present in everyone, and meeting these needs in childhood goes back to the type of parenting style of the parents of these children. On the one hand, maladaptive schemas are associated with parenting styles, and attachment and mood styles are associated with parenting styles, and these are effective in creating or not creating maladaptive schemas. Due to the importance of the above and considering the research background, the present study was conducted to develop a structural model for predicting maladaptive schemas based on parenting style with the mediate role of attachment styles and students #39; moods.Methods The research method was descriptive correlational in which the relationship between research variables is analyzed in the form of path analysis. Early maladaptive schemas were used as independent variables in this model, attachment style and mood as mediated variables, and parenting styles as dependent variables. The statistical population of this study included all students of the Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch in the second semester of the academic year 20202021, which through the Krejcie and Morgan table, the sample size of 380 people was determined (Due to the prevalence of COVID19 in Iran and the impossibility of completing the questionnaire in person. Therefore, the available online sampling method was used to select the statistical sample). The criteria for entering the research were: completing informed consent for participating in the research, knowledge about the research goals. Also, the criteria for exclusion were: has a history of psychiatric disorder, physical illness, and disability affecting a person #39;s life. The Young Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire, Buri Parental Authority Questionnaire, Hazan and Shaver Adult Attachment Questionnaire, Clowninger Temperament and Character Inventory Scale were used to measure the research variables. Data analysis was performed by descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage) and Pearson correlation by SPSS21. To evaluate the fit of the structural equation model (In the method of structural equations, multivariate normality is one of the essential assumptions that must be considered. In this study, the KolmogorovSmirnov test was used to test the assumption of normality) several indicators include: Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), TuckerLewis (TLI), Bentler -Bonett normed fit index (NFI( were used by AMOS24 software. Also, the Bootstrap method was used to investigate the indirect relationships of the routes. In this study, a significance level was considered less than 0.05.ResultsThe number of female students is 187 (51.9%), and male is 173 (48.1%). The mean and standard deviation of the age of the subjects were 29.48 and 2.38; 182 had a bachelor #39;s degree, 188 had a master #39;s degree, and 56 had a doctorate. First, the normality of data distribution was checked and confirmed using KolmogorovSmirnov statistical test (P<0.05). The result of the correlation matrix of variables showed the highest correlation coefficient between harm avoidance and innovation (0.68) and the lowest correlation between permissive parenting style and insecureambivalent attachment style (0.01). The results of the model fit study showed that the value of X2 is 1697.08, the result of dividing Chisquare with the degree of freedom (2.99) is less than 3 that which indicates the excellent fit of the model. The good fit index (GFI) is 0.905, which indicates the optimal fit of the model. The modified fit index (AGFI) is 0.852, which is greater than 0.85, so the model has a good fit. The root mean square of the estimation error (RMSEA) is 0.075, indicating the research model #39;s confirmation. The BentlerBount (NFI) index is 0.907, the ToclerLewis index (TLI) is 0.915, the adaptive fit index (CFI) is 0.913, and the relative fit index (RFI) is 0.925; all of this indicates good fit and confirmation. Also, the indirect results of the paths showed that authoritarian parenting style with mediated role of secure attachment style and authoritarian and negligent parenting styles with the mediated role of avoidant attachment style have an indirect effect on the early maladaptive schemas. Authoritarian parenting style with the mediated role of selfdirection, cooperation and selfreliance, and authoritarian parenting style with the mediated role of perseverance, selfdirection and cooperation and Permissive Parenting Style with the mediated role of harm avoidance have a causal and indirect effect on students #39; early maladaptive schemas (P<0.01).ConclusionWhile pointing to the complexity of the nature of attachment, character, temperament, and parenting styles, these findings emphasize the recognition and conceptualization of various variables affecting early maladaptive schemas. The results of this study show the importance of warmth, love, and intimacy in the parentchild relationship) the authoritative parenting style that leads to the formation of a secure attachment style. The results of the present study can be used to explain the factors affecting early maladaptive schemas and as a suitable model for designing comprehensive programs to prevent early maladaptive schemas. It is suggested that educational programs be held to understand the importance of parenting style for parents. The most important limitation of the present study is that despite trying to gain cooperation and creating confidence to hide the results (maintaining fiduciary duty), it seems that students #39; online response plays a role in their response to research variables. Another limitation of this study is that since the subjects of this study were limited to the students of the Islamic Azad University of Karaj, the generalization of the results to other student should be made with caution. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to increase the generalizability of the data, and this research should be done on larger samples.Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelinesThe participants signed the informed consent form and had the right to leave the study at any time. All subjects received information about the study. They were assured that all information would remain confidential and would only be used for research purposes. For privacy reasons, the names of the subjects were not registered.Authors rsquo; contributions Conceptualization, validation, review, and editing: All authors. Data analysis, resources, data processing: All authors. Writing and drafting: Matin Chaharrahi.FundingThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or nonprofit sector. This research was extracted from the PhD dissertation of the first author, in the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran.Acknowledgments In the end, the authors are grateful to all participants in the research and all those who have facilitated the implementation of the research.Conflict of InterestThe author declared no conflict of interest