قضاوت‌ و تصمیم‌گیری‌ اخلاقی مبتنی بر روابط خودی و غیرخودی: یک مطالعه مروری نظام مند

مقدمه: بخش بزرگی از قضاوت‌ های روزمره انسان تحت تاثیر روابط بین‌ فردی قرار دارد. در موقعیت‌های بین ‌فردی شخص ناگزیر به انتخاب بین زیر پا گذاشتن اصل برابری و انصاف یا آسیب ‌زدن به روابطش با دیگران است. مطالعات مختلفی به بررسی قضاوت ‌های اخلاقی مبتنی بر روابط پرداخته ‌اند. هدف مطالعه حاضر هدف بررسی قضاوت‌ها مبتنی بر روابط و عوامل موثر بر این نوع قضاوت‌ها بود. روش کار: این مطالعه یک پژوهش مروری نظامند بود که در آن مطالعات منتشر شده در بازه زمانی 1950 تا 2020 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. جستجو در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی داخلی مرکز مطالعات علمی جهاد دانشگاهی، پرتال جامع علوم انسانی، و خارجی pubmed،isi web of science و google scholar با کلیدواژه‌های فارسی و انگلیسی انجام شد. از میان 210 مقاله بازیابی شده، بر اساس معیارهای ورود و خروج، 52 مطالعه مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند.یافته‌ها: علی رغم مقبولیت اصل بی طرفی و برابری اخلاقی، پژوهش ‌های بررسی شده در این مقاله نشان می ‌دهند که روابط خود و غیرخودی قضاوت‌ها و تصمیم‌گیری‌های اخلاقی افراد تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد و این تاثیر بر اساس سطح ارتباط ژنتیکی، نزدیکی عاطفی و آشنایی متفاوت است. همچنین عواملی چون هزینه کمک، جنسیت، سوگیری‌های شناختی و بی‌تفاوتی اخلاقی در این نوع قضاوت‌ها تاثیرگذار هستند.نتیجه‌گیری: با وجود پیشرفت‌های قابل توجه در زمینه قضاوت‌های مبتنی بر روابط، نتایج برخی مطالعات انجام شده با یکدیگر در تناقض است. از جمله دلایل این امر می ‌توان به تفاوت در پرسش‌ های استفاده شده در ارزیابی قضاوت‌های اخلاقی، عدم وجود تنوع در محتوای معماهای اخلاقی و روابط مورد مطالعه، اشاره کرد و همچنین به دلیل عدم تنوع در نمونه‌گیری، نتایج بیشتر مطالعات در این زمینه قابل تعمیم نیست.

Moral judgment and decision making based on interpersonal relationships with relatives and non relatives: A systematic review

Introduction: Human beings live in a social world; therefore, a big part of our daily judgments is influenced by our interpersonal relationships. In interpersonal situations, one should choose between compromising the principle of equality and harming their relationships with others. Various studies have been conducted on moral judgments based on interpersonal relationships. Given the devastating consequences of relationshipbased moral judgments, such as increase discriminatory behaviors and racism, it is crucial to examine this kind of judgments. This study reviews philosophical theories, evolutionary biology, and the psychology of relationshipbased moral judgment and finds genetic and emotional relationships influencing moral judgments and factors influencing these types of judgments through empirical studies.Methods: This study is a systematic review investigation in which studies published between 1950 and 2020 were examined. A search for articles was conducted in Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences, SID, PubMed, ISI (Web of Science), and Google Scholar using related keywords such as Moral, Moral judgment, Moral decision making, Equality, Altruistic, Closerelationship in Persian and English. The research results were 210 theoretical and experimental articles. Accordingly, 56 studies were selected for review by studying the abstracts based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Despite the general acceptance of the principles of moral equality and impartiality, or the acceptance of the moral status, empirical research has shown that genetic relatedness and emotional intimacy influence our moral judgments when increasing the level of genetic relationship, emotional closeness, and familiarity utilitarian judgment decrease. Also, multiple factors are involved in moral judgments based on interpersonal relationships such as helping cost, gender, cognitive bias, and moral disengagement. People prefer to save only their close relatives when the cost of help is deadly. Gender is another factor that influences relationshipbased judgments. Men help their family members more than women in threatening situations, but this difference is not seen in relationships with partners. Relationshipbased moral judgments are prone to cognitive bias and moral disengagement like (or perhaps more than) other types of judgments. People try to reduce the complexity of moral situations using cognitive bias like Selfinterest bias and actorobserver bias and reduce the level of selfblame resulting from ignoring the principle of fairness using moral disengagement like moral justification and dehumanization. Although the principle of equality is universally accepted, the results of empirical studies show that people considered relationships in their moral judgments, and evolutionary theories can even explain this effect. As a result, the definition of moral concepts such as impartiality and equality should be reconsidered by applying these concepts to daily human life.Conclusion: In general, despite significant advances in identifying factors influencing relationshipbased moral judgments, there are still areas that need to be studied. First, most previous studies examined moral judgments only through short answer questions that these questions were different in each of them. Thus, their results are incomparable. Second, the participants were from high socioeconomic states and western countries, so the results cannot be generalized to other socioeconomic states and cultures. Third, most previous studies used Thorolly dilemmas that focused on decisionmaking about life and death, far away from the people rsquo;s routine decisions. Finally, no study has yet focused on the impact of ethnic and religious similarities on moral judgments.