تبیین جایگاه استدلال فضایی در روند طراحی معماری (موردپژوهی کیفی: تجربۀ طراحی در آتلیۀ معماری)

مقدمه: با این که استدلال فضایی به عنوان نوعی شناخت، از جمله عوامل ذهنی موثر بر پاسخ خلاقانه معماری است، در خصوص جایگاه آن در روند طراحی معماری و مراحلش، مشکلات آموزشی و شناختی حل نشده بسیاری وجود دارد. لذا هدف پژوهش حاضر، تبیین جایگاه استدلال فضایی در روند طراحی معماری و مراحلش بود. روش کار: روش این پژوهش کیفی و نظر به ماهیت تبیین مدل و مورد پژوهی، دارای دو گام اصلی بود. گام نخست، با روش توصیفی_تحلیلی با بهره از تحلیل محتوا در دو حوزه علوم شناختی و معماری انجام گرفت. گام دوم شامل مورد پژوهی کیفی تجربۀ دانشجویان ارشد معماری پیرامون تجربۀ طراحی آنها و تحلیل توصیفی داده ‌های حاصل از پرسشنامه بود. یافته ‌ها: بر اساس یافته ‌های تحلیلی گام اول، توسعه استدلال فضایی از طریق توسعه حافظه فعال به طور غیر مستقیم در بهبود روند طراحی معماری نقش دارد و از طریق بهبود توانایی ‌هایی همچون تجسم فضایی، بازسازی تصاویر و جهت ‌یابی فضایی که لازمۀ بسیاری از توانش ‌های پایه در معماری هستند، به طور مستقیم سبب بهبود روند طراحی معماری است. یافته ‌ها در گام دوم حاکی از آن بود که توانش‌ های پایه مرتبط با استدلال فضایی در تمامی مراحل طراحی معماری، خصوصا بر مرحلۀ اشراق مورد استفاده قرار می ‌گیرند.نتیجه‌ گیری: با توجه به مدل تبیین شده از جایگاه استدلال فضایی در پردازش‌ اطلاعات و تاثیر آن بر مراحل فرآیند خلاقانه طراحی معماری و نتایج موردپژوهی در این تحقیق، استدلال فضایی بر تمامی مراحل طراحی معماری نقش داشته و استدلالی اساسی برای بهبود روند طراحی معماری به شمار می رود.

Explaining the role of spatial reasoning in architectural design(Qualitative case study: Design experience in an architectural atelier)

Introduction: Although spatial reasoning as a form of cognition is one of the mental factors influencing the creative response of architecture, there are many unresolved educational and cognitive problems regarding its place in architectural design and its stages. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the position of spatial reasoning in the process of architectural design and its stages.Methods: The method of this research was qualitative, and due to the nature of model explanation and case study, had two main steps. The first step was performed by a descriptiveanalytical method using content analysis in two fields of cognitive sciences and architecture. In this step, the effects and interrelationships between theories that explain the mental process in creative thinking and their relationship with the architectural design process were investigated. The current study was conducted to explain the role of spatial reasoning in architectural design. The second step included a qualitative case study of senior architecture studentschr('39') experience about their design experience and a descriptive analysis of questionnaire data. In this regard, 30 master students in the architectural design atelier, in the process of architectural design during one semester, answered the questionnaire. The questionnaire included 10items checklist based on architectural abilities related to spatial abilities. Students answered the questionnaire with the control of professors in each stage of the architectural design process and according to how the work progressed.Results: Based on the analytical findings of the first step, the development of spatial reasoning through the development of working memory indirectly plays a role in improving the architectural design process and improving skills such as spatial visualization, reconstruct images, and spatial orientation that require many capabilities. They are the foundation in architecture, directly improving the process of architectural design. The second step rsquo;s findings indicated that the necessary capabilities related to spatial reasoning are used in all stages of architectural design, especially in the illumination stage. The visualization ability, which is related to the component of image reconstruction, was most commonly used in the design process, which was in the incubation stage. The imagination of embodied space from different angles, which is related to the mental rotation component, was the second most used in the architectural design process. Moreover, the ability of visualization and 3D2D conversions were used in all stages. In general, the second step rsquo;s results in this research confirmed the first stepchr('39')s analytical findings.Conclusion: The model, which is explained from the role of spatial reasoning in information processing and its impact on the stages of the creative process of architectural design, indicates that spatial reasoning is a fundamental factor for improving the process of architectural design. The case study results also show that spatial reasoning plays a role in all stages of architectural design. However, its effect on all architectural design stages was not the same, and the amount of interest was different according to the capabilities used in each stage.