تاثیر تحریم‌های اقتصادی سازمان ملل و ایالات ‌متحده آمریکا بر شاخص فلاکت کشورهای هدف

در دهه‌های اخیر، تحریم‌های بین‌المللی به یک ویژگی متداول و تکراری در تعاملات سیاسی بین برخی دولت‌ها تبدیل شده است. ایالات ‌متحده آمریکا کشوری است که بعد از جنگ جهانی دوم بیشترین تحریم‌های اقتصادی را اعمال کرده است. همچنین چندین اقدام توسط یک سازمان چندجانبه مانند سازمان ملل در سال‌های اخیر اعمال شده است. این مطالعه سعی در آشکار ساختن اثر تحریم‌های اقتصادی سازمان ملل و ایالات ‌متحده آمریکا بر شاخص فلاکت در 41 کشور تحریم شده طی سال‌های 1991-2020 با استفاده از یک مدل معتبر و داده‌های جدید دارد. مدل نهایی به‌صورت داده‌های ترکیبی نامتوازن و با استفاده از روش حداقل مربعات تعمیم‌یافته (gls) برآورد شده است. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق حاکی از آن است که تحریم‌های سازمان ملل و ایالات ‌متحده آمریکا تاثیر قابل‌ توجهی بر شاخص فلاکت دارند. به‌طور متوسط، اعمال تحریم‌های سازمان ملل و ایالات ‌متحده آمریکا شاخص فلاکت کشور هدف را به ترتیب 8.12 و 6.49 افزایش داده‌اند. همچنین اثر مثبت و افزایشی ناشی از اعمال تحریم‌های جامع اقتصادی سازمان ملل متحد بر شاخص فلاکت، بیشتر از تحریم‌های ایالات ‌متحده آمریکا است.

the impact of un and us economic sanctions on the misery index of targeted countries

in recent decades, international sanctions have become a recurring feature in political interactions between some governments. the united states has imposed the most economic sanctions since world war ii. also, several actions have been taken by the united nations in recent years. in this study, the effect of economic sanctions of the united nations and the united states on the misery index during the years 1991-2020 has been investigated by using the generalized least squares (gls) method. the results indicate that the united nations and united states sanctions have a significant effect on the misery index. on average, the imposition of sanctions by the united nations and the united states have increased the misery index of the target country by 8.12 and 6.49, respectively. also, the positive and increasing effect caused by the application of comprehensive economic sanctions of the united nations on the misery index is more than the sanctions of the united states. introductionbefore the first world war, the countries with high military and economic power used the only means available to implement their desired policies in the target countries through war. however, since 1914 during the first world war and more widely since 1990, the military powers replaced the lever of war with economic and political sanctions to advance their goals in different countries (medlicot, 1952). in recent decades, international sanctions have become a recurring feature in political relations between some states. difficulties caused by embargo can take different forms. experts consider sanctions as economic tools that affect the economic interests of countries. according to what has been said, the innovation of this article is to examine the impact of economic sanctions of the united nations and the united states on the misery index of the target countries, including iran. methodology and methodsthe current research is an applied research in terms of its purpose. in this study, documentary methods will be used to identify variables and collect information, and statistical and econometric methods will be used for its analysis. the statistics and information needed for the research were extracted from the information available on the official website of the world bank, the federal reserve bank, the websites of the united states congress and the united nations website. in the present study, to evaluate the effects of the economic sanctions of the united nations and the united states on the misery index of the sanctioned countries, the following model is estimated following the studies of karimi et al.