عوامل اثرگذار بر شکل‌گیری خزش روستایی در ناحیه چمستان مطالعه موردی: شهرستان نور، استان مازندران

خزش، یکی از ویژگی های شناخته شده در بیشتر سکونتگاه های روستایی است که موجب تخریب اراضی طبیعی و کشاورزی و در نتیجه تغییر کاربری اراضی می شود. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، نوشتار حاضر در پاسخ به این پرسش اساسی تحقیق که چه عواملی در شکل گیری پدیدۀ خزش در اراضی سکونتگاه های ناحیۀ چمستان شهرستان نور موثرند، تدوین شده است. این مطالعه از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت و روش جمع آوری داده ها، پژوهشی توصیفی-تحلیلی است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش، تمامی 87 سکونتگاه ها روستایی ناحیۀ چمستان بوده که بر اساس تخصیص متناسب، تعداد 17 روستا انتخاب شد. سپس با استفاده از جدول مورگان و کرجسی، برحسب جمعیت و خانوار هر روستا، 250 سرپرست خانوار، به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده و پرسشنامه ها با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده میان آن ها توزیع شد. همچنین، از مدیران محلی (شوراها و دهیاران) نیز به دلیل داشتن مسئولیت نظارت و کنترل تغییر کاربری اراضی در مناطق روستایی به صورت تمام شماری پرسشگری صورت گرفت. یافته ها نشان داد که شکل گیری خزش در سکونتگاه های روستایی چمستان تحت تاثیر شرایط توپوگرافی و اقلیمی متنوع،  کاهش درآمد خانوارهای روستایی از محل کشاورزی و افزایش قیمت و بورس بازی زمین پس از تغییر کاربری، پایین بودن قیمت محصولات کشاورزی، پایین بودن بهره وری سرمایه در بخش کشاورزی، افزایش و رشد جمعیت روستایی، مهاجرت معکوس از شهرها به روستاها، گسترش خانه های دوم، بهبود حمل و نقل و ارتباطات، ضعف در تدوین دستورالعمل آیین نامه مربوط به قانون کاربری اراضی، ضعف در کنترل و نظارت بر ساخت و ساز و سیاست های حمایتی ضعیف از کشاورزان، بوده است.

Affecting Factors on Formation of Rural Sprawl in Chamestan Area Case Study: Noor County. Mazanderan

Extended AbstractIntroductionRural settlements as spatialspatial systems, like all systems under the influence of internal forces and current trends in their environment and external forces and trends in various ways are subject to constant dynamics and change and in a dynamic interaction of different forces  affecting color and Are formed. One of the factors influencing the physicalspatial developments of rural settlements that in recent years, these areas have faced a complex spatial crisis is the physical phenomenon of sprawl that over time by swallowing rural lands, agricultural and garden uses to It transforms residential, commercial and service and, ultimately, leads to the integration and unification of  villages to meet the rapid growth of population and meet high demand, reflecting the flow of influence the impact of internal factors (natural forces ecological and social Economic) and external forces (politicaladministrative decisions and civil actions), each of which in the context of time and dynamic interaction, somehow cause physicalspatial  changes and vulnerability of rural areas.        MethodologyThe present study is a descriptiveanalytical research in terms of purpose, method and description of the current situation and conditions, and data collection has been done using documentary and library methods and survey data. The statistical population of this study includes all rural settlements in Chamestan section of Noor city located in three villages (Natel Rustaq, Mianroud and Lavij) with 87 villages that are naturally located in mountainous, foothill and plain sections. The selection of rural settlements from all three villages is based on their natural characteristics, population and distance from the city.  In order to determine the sample size, an average of 20% of the villages from each village was considered and based on the proportional allocation, out of 87 villages, 17 villages were selected.  Then, using Morgan and Krejcie table, according to the population and number of households in each village, 250 heads of households were selected as a sample and  questionnaires were distributed among them using a simple random sampling method. Local managers (councils and village heads) were also questioned due to their responsibility to monitor and control land use change in rural areas in full.  Data collection in this study wasobservational and questionnaire and information analysis was performed both qualitatively and  quantities.    Results and discussionFactors affecting the formation of sprawl  in rural lands of Chamestan region can be divided into two categories: internal factors (environmental or naturalecological, economic, social and physical factors) and external factors (political and legal factors). According to the research findings, it was found that the pattern of sprawl and land use change in rural settlements of Chamestan region has been affected more than anything by its environmentalecological factors;  The existence of three plains, foothills and mountains and the existence of  different slopes from north to south of the region, indicates the existence of diverse topography of the region, which has caused all areas in different heights and slopes of the region, the phenomenon of sprawl and change  Experience land use.  On the other hand, the economic problems of the people such as low income and decrease in income of rural households from the agricultural sector, rising prices and stock exchanges after land use change, low prices of agricultural products, low productivity of capital in the agricultural sector and land returns in the sector  Agriculture and service and housing activities and changes in household income along with higher prices of agricultural inputs, import of similar products at lower prices, higher profitability in service and industrial activities, high production costs, high risk and risk in agricultural activities, hard work  Agriculture has joined hands to make the phenomenon of sprawl and land use change occur widely and with much higher speed and intensity in the agricultural and garden lands of the studied rural areas, especially in the Chamestan plain area. In this regard, population growth and migration along with the spontaneous expansion of secondhome tourism, lower social status of agriculture compared to activities related to services(tourism), changing the lifestyle of villagers from simplicity to luxury, the existence of smallholder farming and plots Land fragmentation has been a social factor in the formation of the creep phenomenon. The expansion of communication routes, transportation networks and easy access, has  played an important role in creating spatial and functional connections between settlements in the region and in fact by providing the possibility  Infrastructure and superstructure services in rural areas have caused   spatial changes and sprawl in the region. Weak government support   policies for agriculture and farmers were recognized as one of the most important and effective external factors in the formation of sprawl in the rural areas under study. Approval and implementation of the rural  master plan, weakness of institutions and executive bodies in the implementation of land use protection laws, weakness in control and supervision. Construction and issuance of licenses by the responsible organizations, the law of successive division of land between children due to inheritance law, the lack of a system of registration of documents and property and the predominance of the charter system of real estate, the process of sprawl formation and increase in construction  And has accelerated gardens in the  areal. ConclusionIn general, in order to explain the causes and factors of sprawl formation in rural areas of Chamestan, the effectiveness of each factor alone in this process will be a onedimensional, simplistic and reductionist analysis and a systemic, cosynergistic and synergistic view.To all the internal and external factors governing rural settlements, it is inevitable. And studies showed that rural sprawl in rural settlements of Chamestan is not sustainable for development, so that the path and goal of development has been reduced from a comprehensive development process to economic growth.