بحران آب در فلات مرکزی و ضرورت توجه به دانش بومیمطالعه موردی: قنات گوهرریز جوپار

ﻓﻼت ﻣﺮﮐﺰی اﯾﺮان ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺧﺸﮏ ﺟﻬﺎن اﺳﺖ و دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎن اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب ﭘﺎﯾﺪار و ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﭼﺎﻟﺸﻬﺎی اﺳﺎﺳﯽ در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﺮاﻧﯿﺎن ﺑﺎ اﺧﺘﺮاع ﻗﻨﺎت در ﺳﻪ ﻫﺰار ﺳﺎل ﻗﺒﻞ، ﺷﯿﻮه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ از دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ آب ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﺻﻞ اﺣﺘﺮام ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ و ﺳﺎزﮔﺎری ﺑﺎ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آوردﻧﺪ. ﻗﻨﺎت از ﻣﻌﺪود دﺳﺘﺎورد ﺑﺸﺮی اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺳﻪ ﻫﺰار ﺳﺎل اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺮاث ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﯿﺎن، ﯾﮏ رﺷﺘﻪ ﭼﺎه و ﮐﺎﻧﺎل ﻧﯿﺴﺖ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻈﺎم و ﯾﮏ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻨﯽ، ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی دارد و ﻃﯽ ﺻﺪﻫﺎ و ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻫﺰاران ﺳﺎل ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺳﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﻨﻪ و ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ و ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ای از داﻧﺶ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ و ﮔﻨﺠﯿﻨﻪ ای ﺑﺰرگ از ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ را ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آورده اﺳﺖ. آن ﭼﻪ را ﮐﻪ اﻣﺮوزه ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار ﻣﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ از ﺳﻮی ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﯿﺎن ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻨﺎت رﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در دﻫﻪ ﻫﺎی اﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﺎ ورود و ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ ﻓﻨﺎورﯾﻬﺎی ﺣﻔﺮ ﭼﺎه ﻫﺎی ﻋﻤﯿﻖ و اﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎل آب، ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﯾﮏ آﺑﻬﺎی زﯾﺮ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ دﭼﺎر ﻣﺸﮑﻞ و در ﺑﺴﯿﺎری از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ اﯾﺮان دﭼﺎر ﺗﻨﺶ آﺑﯽ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. از اﯾﻦ رو، اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ وﯾﮋﮔﯿﻬﺎی ﻗﻨﺎت و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر آن در ﺣﯿﺎت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ اﯾﺮان ﺑﺎ اﺗﮑﺎ ﺑﻪ داﻧﺶ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﻗﻨﺎت ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، ﻗﻨﺎت ﮔﻮﻫﺮرﯾﺰ ﺟﻮﭘﺎر در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﻬﺮ ﮐﺮﻣﺎن را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮردی، ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺷﯿﻮه ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از داده ﻫﺎی ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ای و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﯿﺮی از داﻧﺶ ﺑﻮﻣﯽ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﻨﺎت ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ راه ﺣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺮای ﺑﺮون رﻓﺖ از ﻣﺸﮑﻼت زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و ﺑﺤﺮان آب در ﻓﻼت ﻣﺮﮐﺰی اﯾﺮان ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Water crisis in the central plateau and the need to pay attention to the capital of indigenous knowledge of the aqueduct in Iran.

Abstract Most of Iran’s land is located in a dry and semiarid region in the desert belt area of the world. Accordingly, drought and dehydration are inherent in the central plateau of Iran, and access to sustainable water resources has been the most important challenge for the residents of this area. Ancient Persians, with the invention of Qanats, provided a good way of accessing water based on the principle of respect for the environment and adaptation to nature, which was the source of a magnificent civilization in the central plateau of Iran. What is called sustainable development today has been well adhered to in the structure and system of Qanats, and hence the Qanat has been in operation for over three thousand years. This research, in addition to studying the properties of the Qanat and its structure in the economic and social life of Iran, has paid attention to the indigenous knowledge of Qanat. By studying the case of GuharRiz Qanat of Joupar in southern Kerman, it has been concluded that the revival of Qanats and reliance on indigenous knowledge of water management It can be the source of many environmental and water crises in the central plateau of Iran.