بررسی جایگاه تلوین و تمکین در سلوک عرفانی

تلوین و تمکین به عنوان یکی از اصطلاحات مهم دوگانی در عرفان و تصوف دارای ویژگی‌های خاصی است که آن را از مفاهیم منفرد در این حوزه متمایز می‌سازد. در مراحل ابتدایی سیر استکمالی سالک به سمت حق تعالی، تلوین به منزلۀ مقدمه و محرکی در جهت پیشرفت و حرکت روحی سالک به مراتب بالاتر و دستیابی به مرتبۀ تمکین است به دیگر سخن، صوفی تا زمانی که در دگرگونی میان کشف و حجاب به سر می‌برد، در مقام تلوین قرار دارد اما همین که صفات بشریت و حجاب‌های نفسانی در او زایل شود به تمکین می‌رسد و به حقیقت متصل می‌گردد. اغلب عرفا در کتب خود از تلوین و تمکین به عنوان یک مقام و مرتبۀ مهم یادکرده‌اند و به تبیین زوایا و ابعاد گوناگون آن پرداخته‌اند.این مقاله با استناد به منابع کتابخانه‌ای و به کار‌گیری روش توصیفی-تحلیلی درتحلیل محتوا و با استفاده از الگویی ساختارمند جایگاه تلوین و تمکین را در سلوک عرفانی بررسی کرده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد سالک مبتدی و متوسط به دلیل وجود شرایطی از قبیل تعاقب احوال، ضعف خود و عدم تسلط بر صفات نفسانی هرلحظه دستخوش دگرگونی و دارای نشانه‌هایی است که مانعی در سیر صعودی او است تا زمانی که با کاربست مقدمات و انجام اعمالی و نیز با کشش الهی به تدریج به مرتبۀ نهایی ثبات و تمکین یعنی مقصود و قرارگاه منتهیان نائل می‌گردد.

examining the situation of talvin and tamkin in mystical conduct

introduction comprehending the language as well as the purposes of the basics and principles of islamic mysticism takes place through the recognition of theological punctilios and common terms in the related field. meanwhile, the duality concepts and terms play an important role in understanding the basics of islamic mysticism and explaining the mystical language. the set of these key terms enjoy a variable, dynamic and complex stance in the context of the basics and mystical language, which their accurate understanding is considered as the way to achieve the secrets of the basics and principles of mysticism. in the meantime, talvin and tamkin are one of key and complex duality terms in islamic mysticism, which have always been targeted by sufism’s attention and explanation in mystical books. according to the viewpoint of most of the mystics and sufis, talvin and tamkin are among the stages and levels that the spiritual seeker experiences on his path of perfection towards the almighty, so that the spiritual seeker continuously experiences various states until s/he is in the initial stages of the path. it will be continued until, according to the conditions, s/he reaches the final stage of spiritual journey, namely tamkin, which is the level of endurance that is the desired point of every spiritual seeker. in a general view, due to the duality of these two terms, it is possible to consider talvin as a prelude to achieving the level of tamkin, and tamkin as an evolutionary and final stage in the process of the spiritual journey. in the meantime, the existing viewpoints on these two stages have been different in various mystical references. this research aimed to investigate the evolution of these two key terms in mystical references in order to provide the target audience with a clear profile and image of these two duality terms for a better and more effective understanding of the principles and language of mysticism. methodology in this research, regarding the necessity and importance of examining these duality terms in order to decipher the mystical references as well as considering the difficulty of analyzing these duality terms compared to single terms, an analytical and structured model has been used. having recognized the details and dimensions of this subject in mystical references and collected the data in a library form (studying and taking noting), the content and concepts related to talvin and tamkin were investigated in a descriptive-analytical method in the framework of a coherent model. in addition, they were surveyed in terms of dimensions including definition, prerequisites and conditions, demerits, types, results and symbols.