بررسی و تحلیل وام گیری‌های انیس النّاس از اخلاق ناصری

انیس النّاس از آثار مهم تربیتی قرن نهم هجری است که شخصی به نام «شجاع» در باب اخلاق و تدبیر منزل در بیست باب تالیف کرده است. این کتاب توسط ایرج افشار تصحیح شده و مقدمه ای کوتاه در معرفی اثر بر آن افزوده شده است. تامل در متن انیس النّاس نشان می دهد که یکی از منابع مهمی که شجاع از آن تاثیر پذیرفته، کتاب اخلاق ناصری، اثر خواجه نصیرالدین توسی است.  این پژوهش در پی پاسخ به این پرسش است که گسترۀ اقتباس و وام گیری در این اثر تا چه اندازه و به چه شیوه ای است. نتیجۀ بررسی نشان می دهد که شجاع به دو روش از متن اخلاق ناصری تاثیر پذیرفته است؛ «تاثیرپذیری لفظی- محتوایی» و «تاثیرپذیری محتوایی». در روش نخستین جملات و عبارت خواجه عیناً  با تغییری جزئی اقتباس شده و لفظ و محتوا یکی است و شامل موضوعاتی مانند حقوق فرزندان، حقوق والدین،  آداب سخن گفتن و آداب برده خریدن است. در روش دوم، بسیاری از موضوعات انیس النّاس همان آرای خواجه است، اما شجاع با دخل و تصرّف در تعابیر و عبارات با زبانی ساده تر بیان کرده و شامل مواردی مانند لزوم تاهل، منع زنان از موسیقی، آداب دوست گزیدن و آداب جنگ است. بررسی آماری موضوعات مشترک نشان می دهد که شجاع  جمعاً در 15 مورد، از اخلاق ناصری تاثیر پذیرفته است. از این میان، 10مورد تاثیرپذیری لفظی-محتوایی است و 5 مورد تاثیرپذیری محتوایی. از میان سه بخش یا مقالت اخلاق ناصری، تاثیرپذیری شجاع عمدتا از مقالت دوم یعنی تدبیر منزل است.

review and analysis of anis al-naas’s borrowings from akhlāq-i nāsirī

a very important educational text that has not been discussed much is the book &anis al-naas&. this work is authored by a person named &shoja& in the field of ethics and household management, and is referred to as &anis al-naas& for short. “anis al-naas” was published by iraj afshar in 1977 ad with a short introduction. there is not much information about the author of the book and only a little information can be obtained by reference to the introduction of the book. it seems that he is from shiraz and his grandfather was also the cousin of shah sheikh abu ishaq. shoja wrote this book in 830 ah and presented it to sultan ibrahim timuri. examining the language and content of this text shows that “anis-al-naas” was greatly influenced by the pedagogical and educational texts before him. from among those texts, it has many similarities with qaboosnameh. however, a thorough analysis of the words and sentences used in this book confirms that the author of this work had the textbook “akhlāq-i nāsirī” in mind, and in addition to adapting the meaning and content, it has many verbal and linguistic borrowings to the extent that some sentences are taken directly from the “akhlāq-i nāsirī”. according to what has been said, the present study aims to answer the question whether “anis al-naas”, as an important educational text in the 9th century of hijri, was influenced by the book “akhlāq-i nāsirī. in other words, what is the extent of the influence of “anis-al-naas” from the “akhlāq-i nāsirī” in the areas of structure, language and content? methodology the present study was conducted using a descriptive analytical method and was based on the library documents. accordingly, the two books of “akhlāq-i nāsirī” and “anis al-naas” have been examined in terms of content and wording, and the similarities between the two have been investigated, and their content has been analyzed using other books. in the end, the similarities of these two texts and the methods of “anis al-naas” being influenced have been elaborated upon.  discussion in the text of anis al-naas, we are faced with two types of borrowings and influences: a) verbal-content influence b) content influence. in &verbal-content influence&, since shoja’s adaptations of the “akhlāq-i nāsirī” have led to a total similarity of the sentences, expressions, and words of the two texts, they have necessarily become similar in terms of content; that is, shoja has borrowed both the meaning as well as the content. in this way, shoja has taken the words of khaje nasir and included them in his book so that there is no doubt that he had “akhlāq-i nāsirī” in mind and these similarities are not accidental. in &content influence&, the adaptations of the author of “anis al-naas” are purely content related, and the author has only adapted the opinions and ideas of the author of the original text, but has added his own words and interpretations to it. a look at the content list of the two books shows that at least 8 of the titles of anis-al-naas are similar to those of “akhlāq-i nāsirī”. the two tables below show the influence of “anis-al-naas” in both ways:table 1: verbal-content influences