ارزیابی رشد فروچاله های گچی و مخاطرات ناشی از آن(مطالعه موردی: دشت مارون )

وجود سازندهایی که شامل لایه های گچی هستند زمینه ساز تشکیل اشکال کارستی گچی خواهند بود. میزان ستبری لایه های گچی و کیفیت این لایه ها در شکل گیری اینگونه اشکال تاثیرگذار است. دشت مارون، در بخش چین خورده ساده رشته کوه زاگرس در استان های خوزستان و کهگیلویه و بویراحمد واقع شده است. وجود سازند گچساران و پدیده های کارستی گچی که مهمترین آنها فروچاله است در این دشت، می تواند تاثیر بسیار مخربی بر جاده ها، تاسیسات، زمین های کشاورزی و واحدهای مسکونی و کیفیت آب مخزن سد مارون که در این دشت واقع شده است، داشته باشد؛ اما متاسفانه کمتر به شناخت و مطالعه این پدیده پرداخته شده است. در این پژوهش سعی شده است نرخ رشد و روند شکل گیری فروچاله های دشت مارون با استفاده از نمونه برداری از نمونه آب بارش و رواناب تولیدی از روی سازندهای منطقه برآورد شود. به این منظور پس از پایش هشت ساعته رواناب یک زیرحوضه با مساحت 6.2 هکتار از دشت مارون، نمونه آب باران و چندین نمونه از بخشهای مختلف رواناب در زمانهای مختلف برداشت شد و با توجه به میزان املاح حاصل از انحلال گچ موجود در رواناب و همچنین برآورد میزان رواناب متوسط سالانه مشخص شد که به طور میانگین در یک زیر حوضه به مساحت 6.2 هکتار، سالانه 5.4 متر مکعب از سنگهای گچی به وسیله رواناب بصورت محلول خارج می شود و برای شکل گیری یک فروچاله به حجم 376.4 متر مکعب، 69 سال زمان لازم است که این نرخ بالای رشد فروچاله ها می تواند برای ساکنین این مناطق بسیار مخاطره آمیز باشد چرا که وجود حفرات زیرزمینی و فروچاله ها میتوانند بستر ریزش های ناگهانی را مهیا کرده و صدمات جانی و خسارت های مالی را به دنبال داشته باشد.

Evaluation of growth in gypsum sinkholes and resulting hazards

IntroductionMainly containing thin gypsum units, evaporite formations cover 8% of the Earth’s surface and 25% of the Earth’s continental surface (Ford and Williams, 2007). The term karst refers to a set of geological processes and the phenomena resulting from the dissolution of carbonate rocks. Decomposing the structure of the rocks forms a unique hydrological regime, leading to the development of special landforms (Ministry of Power, TAMAB, 1994). In general, the eight elements needed to develop a karst are: precipitation, relief, lithology, thickness of carbonate layers, carbon, low temperature, pressure, and tectonic rocks (White, 1988). Sinkholes are the enclosed depressions that are known as the characteristic of carbonate and evaporite karst landscapes. In recent years, several genetic classifications have been published for sinkholes (Gutierrez et al., 2008).Materials and methodsTo conduct this research, a 160,000m2 area of the Gachsaran formation in Maroon plain with a high density of sinkhole was examined and visited. The exact geographical location and specifications of 51 sinkholes were surveyed, and it was found that the sinkholes totally account for 25% of the surveyed area. Table 1 lists the specifications of the sinkholes. Also, in another field visit conducted in this study area, a subbasin with an area of 6.2 hectares, average slope of 28%, and length of 2301.7 m was selected for the surface runoff sampling during the precipitation, which also included a number of previously surveyed sinkholes. The surface runoff samples taken included the first moment of runoff onset, which began 3 hours and 27 minutes after the start of precipitation. Then, 5:19, 5:45, 8:10, 9, and 9:20 after the start of precipitation, other samples of surface runoff were taken again to monitor the changes in the ions dissolved in the runoff in the spatial and temporal intervals. The minimum height of this subbasin is 520 m, and its maximum height is 888 m above sea level. Also, in this regard, to estimate the average longterm rainfall of the region from the 20year rainfall data of the meteorological stations in the study area, the daily rainfall data of the Maroon meteorological station in the vicinity of the study area, 1:100,000 geological map of Behbahan sheet, 1:50,000 topography, and 10m DEM of the study area were used as the research data.Results and DiscussionThe obtained results showed that a total of 25% of the surveyed area is covered with the surface and visible sinkholes. It should also be noted that the dissolution in the Gachsaran formation is not the only erosion process that is taking place. In addition to the dissolution of gypsum, the marls of this formation are eroded by the surface runoff due to the precipitation and leave the basin as a suspended load, which accelerates the formation of sinkholes. Therefore, it can be stated that the time interval estimated in this study can be shorter, because the effect of the accelerating factor of the suspended load was not calculated, which requires the investigation and study to calculate the suspended load. Directing the runoff by sinkholes to downstream areas is likely to lead to the same expansion of the underground karst and tunnel, which is not visible. Also, it is not clear how many cavities and tunnels formed in the subsurface of this area, but this is not expected to be low based on the obtained results. There are roads, agricultural lands and, more importantly, residential areas on the gypsum zones, at least 25% of which are visible sinkholes, and the subsurface tunnels that are expanding every year at this dissolution rate. In addition to the effective rainfall, the presence of agricultural lands requiring continuous irrigation and intensifying the dissolution rate can lead to surface collapses and expansion of sinkholes, which ultimately threatens the life and financial security of the inhabitants in these areas.Conclusion