ارزیابی توسعه پایدار شهری با تاکید بر رویکرد تاب‌آوری در سکونتگاه-های غیررسمی (مورد مطالعه سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی شهر سنندج )

سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی محل سکونت حدود یک میلیارد نفر از جمعیت جهان هستند. پیدایش این سکونتگاه‌ها گویای وجود موانع ساختاری و ناکارآمدی سیاست‌های کنونی در تامین مسکن و خدماترسانی لازم مرتبط با آن برای اقشار کم درآمد شهری در سطح کلان است. امروزه تلاقی بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و رشد سکونتگاه‌های خودانگیخته شهری در مقیاس جهانی توجه را به رهیافت تاب‌آوری شهری در این سکونتگاه‌ها جلب کرده و در دستور کار جهانی مد نظر قرار داده است. نوع این پژوهش کاربردی و شیوه دریافت اطلاعات کتابخانه‌ای میدانی است. برای استخراج شاخص‌ها از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای استفاده شد و شاخص‌های ابعاد مختلف جهت تعیین میزان اهمیت با عنوان پرسشنامه کارشناسان در اختیار 30 نفر از کارشناسان در رشته‌های مختلف قرار گرفت. اطلاعات با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل سلسله مراتبی در نرم‌افزار expert choice مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. بر این اساس بیشترین وزن با 0.593 به بعد انسانی و کمترین وزن با 0.113 به بعد طبیعی مربوط می‌شود. همچنین برای تعیین میزان تاب‌آوری با توجه به جامعه آماری 30539 خانواری محدوده و براساس فرمول کوکران 379 پرسشنامه در سطح محلات محدوده تکمیل شد. داده‌های پرسشنامه خانوار در نرمافزار spss وارد و با استفاده از آزمون t test میزان تاب‌آوری در ابعاد مختلف استخراج گردید. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد میزان تاب‌آوری در محدوده 3.11 بوده و محدوده سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی تاب‌آور نمیباشد. از لحاظ ابعاد مورد بررسی، فقط بعد اجتماعی فرهنگی با 3.76 تاب‌آور می‌باشد. کمترین تاب‌آوری مربوط به بعد اقتصادی (2.47) و پس از آن بعد مدیریتی (2.87) بوده است. بعد کالبدی نیز با میانگین (3.35)، تاب‌آور نمی‌باشد. برای تعیین تاثیر ابعاد بر تاب‌آوری از معادلات ساختاری در نرم‌افزار lisrel استفاده شد. تحلیل عاملی عوامل موثر بر تاب‌آوری نشان می‌دهد که عوامل اجتماعی با ضریب 0.81 بیشترین تاثیر را بر تاب‌آوری محدوده مورد مطالعه داشته‌اند. کلیدواژه‌ها: توسعه پایدار، تاب‌آوری، سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی، شهر سنندج.

Evaluation of Sustainable Urban Development with Emphasis on Resilience Approach in Informal Settlements (Case Study: Informal Settlements in Sanandaj)

IntroductionInformal settlements are home to about one billion people in the world. In other words, about oneseventh of the world’s population and one third of the world’s urban population live on margins. In our country, informal settlements have been officially interpreted more rapidly than urban growth, and it is estimated that onefifth of urban populations are located in such settlements. The emergence of informal settlements reveals the existence of structural barriers and inefficiencies in the current policies in providing the necessary housing and services for the lowincome urban population at macro level. The 2002 United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development emphasized that contemporary cities are sustainable if they resist natural disasters. Today, the crossroads of environmental, economic, social, and urban spontaneous settlements on a global scale have attracted attention to the urban widespread approach with a more comprehensive look at previous approaches such as crisis management in these settlements and in The world agenda has been considered. In fact, &Resilience as a framework is about a concept that can easily be associated with all stages and sections of disasters and crisis management, and has been introduced with four institutional, social, economic, and infrastructure dimensions. Sanandaj is one of the middle cities that has been growing fast over the last few decades, along with many parts of the country. This rapid growth has led to the formation of automobile neighborhoods in different parts of the city. The purpose of this article is to investigate and evaluate resilience indices in these settlements. In this regard, the main research question is what is the status of resilience of informal settlements in Sanandaj? And how important are the resilience indicators and dimensions?Methodologythe type of research is applieddevelopment and its method is descriptiveanalytical and in terms of information acquisition method, it is located in the field of libraryfield studies. The data needed for research is obtained through library and field methods. In the library method, internal and external articles and books were used. In the data collection section, data were collected from the statistical blocks of the Population and Housing Census of 1395, Statistics Center of Iran, experts’ questionnaire, comprehensive and detailed plans of Sanandaj city, household questionnaire, and so on. In this research, internal and external library studies were used for extraction of indicators. In this study, internal and external library studies were used to extract the indices and the experts were provided with a questionnaire. AHP test was used to analyze the questionnaires and the scores were analyzed in Expert Choice software. In the next step, in order to study the indicators in the area of ​​informal settlements of Sanandaj, a household questionnaire was prepared and according to Statistical Society (30539 families), based on the Cochran formula, 379 questionnaires were completed from the households in the study area. The questionnaire was based on the sixlevel Likert scale. Reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach’s alpha. Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.73 which indicates the reliability of the questionnaire.Onesample ttest was used to measure resilience. The onesample ttest (the test of comparing the mean of a population with a number) is one of the tests used in most applied research. This test determines whether the observed average is significantly different from a specified value or a standard value. Confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL software was used to determine the impact of resilience dimensions. In confirmatory factor analysis, the researcher seeks to develop a model that is assumed to describe, describe, explain, or justify empirical data on the basis of relatively few parameters.Results and DiscussionAccording to the AHP test, the highest weight was found to be 0.593 in human dimension and the lowest weight was 0. 113 in natural dimension. The findings indicate that the level of resilience is 3.03 in the area, which is less than the mean of 3.50, but it can be said that the informal settlements is not resilient. In terms of dimensions, only the sociocultural dimension with 3.72 is higher than the average of 3.50 and is resilient. The lowest level of resilience related to the economic dimension at 2.47, followed by the managerial dimension with 2.66. also, Physical dimension is not resilient to have an average of 3.28. According to the studies, the total level of resilience in the informal settlements of Sanandaj was 3.11 and below 3.50. Factor analysis of factors affecting resilience showed that social factors with 0.81 had the most effect and economic factors with 0.50 had the least effect.ConclusionResearch results in these settlements indicate that the level of resilience is at a low level. Among the different dimensions of resilience, the social dimension has a better status than other dimensions. In the economic field, due to the low level of income of the residents, the lack of insurance, the low level of savings, the lack of job security, the volatility in income, the seasonal nature of the occupation of many residents and ... has led to a low level of economic resilience. Organizationaladministrative dimensions also have very low resilience. The lack of institutions at the local level, the weakness of the relationship between managers and the local population, lack of training in preparation for crisis is the reason for the low level of institutional resilience in these settlements. Physically, due to low level of resistance of residential units, lack of proper access to infrastructure, lack of suitable open spaces in neighborhoods, low strength of infrastructures, etc., has led to a decrease in the level of physical resilience.