مطالعۀ تطبیقی تاسیس آمبودزمان حقوق بشر با نگاهی به ضرورت ایجاد «نهاد ملّی حقوق بشر و شهروندی» در نظام حقوقی جمهوری اسلامی ایران

این مقاله با نگاهی به ضرورت ایجاد «نهاد ملی حقوق بشر و شهروندی» در نظام حقوقی ایران، به برر سی کارکردها و فرایند تاسیس آمبودزمان حقوق بشری به عنوان الگویی کلیدی برای تحقق اهداف این نهاد می پردازد. با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، مقاله نشان می دهد که آمبودزمان‌های حقوق بشری با تمرکز بر حمایت از حقوق بنیادین، نظارت بر نهادهای دولتی و خصوصی، و ایجاد تغییرات سیستمی، نقشی حیاتی در تضمین حقوق بشر ایفا می کنند. تجربه کشورهایی مانند ترکیه، روسیه و امارات متحده عربی موید اهمیت استقلال نهادی، اختیارات گسترده و تطابق با اصول پاریس در موفقیت این نهادهاست. در ایران، نهادهای موجود نظیر سازمان بازرسی کل کشور یا کمیسیون اصل 90، به‌دلیل محدودیت های صلاحیتی، نبود استقلال و دسترسی‌پذیری ضعیف، فاقد کارآمدی لازم برای ایفای نقش آمبودزمان حقوق بشری هستند.این مقاله با تاکید بر خلا قانونی و ناکارآمدی سازوکارهای فعلی، ایجاد نهادی مستقل مبتنی بر استانداردهای بین‌المللی را ضروری می داند. این نهاد باید با اختیارات نظارتی گسترده، امکان رسیدگی به شکایات فردی و سیستمی، آموزش حقوق بشر و تعامل با نهادهای بین‌المللی، به بهبود حکمرانی و پاسخگویی دولت بینجامد.چالش های پیشِ‌رو شامل مقاومت سیاسی، محدودیته ای ساختاری و تلقی حقوق بشر به‌عنوان مفهومی «غربی» است؛ با این حال، طراحی مدلی بومی متناسب با اصول اسلامی و قانون اساسی میتواند راهگشا باشد.

a comparative study on establishing the human rightsombudsman with a focus on the necessity of creating a national institution for human rights and citizenship in the legal system of the islamic republic of iran

in recent decades, the importance of national human rights institutions as domestic mechanisms for implementing and promoting human rights has been increasingly emphasized internationally. these institutions, which include human rights commissions and ombudsmen, play a vital role in monitoring states’ human rights obligations, particularly through mechanisms like the un human rights council and the optional protocol to the convention against torture. the human rights ombudsman, as a key type of national human rights institution, goes beyond the classic role of ombudsman in addressing administrative maladministration, specifically focusing on the protection and promotion of individuals’ fundamental rights, and may possess broader powers to effect systemic change. in the iranian legal system, despite the existence of institutions with oversight functions, there is a felt gap for an independent, specialized institution with the characteristics of a human rights ombudsman to effectively guarantee the fundamental rights enshrined in the constitution and other instruments. this article, using a descriptive analytical method, examines the conceptual evolution and functions of the human rights ombudsman internationally, takes a comparative look at the experiences of some countries, assesses the necessity of establishing a national institution for human rights and citizenship in iran, and analyzes the challenges and ways forward. the main objective is to explain the crucial role such an institution can play in bridging the gap between legal human rights standards and their practical implementation in the country. this research employs a descriptive analytical methodology. in the descriptive part, based on library resources and international documents, the concept of the ombudsman and its evolution towards the human rights ombudsman is explored. the main functions of this institution – including investigating human rights violations, monitoring public administration, promoting human rights, addressing systemic issues, and providing remedies – are detailed and compared with the functions of the classic ombudsman. furthermore, the status of the human rights ombudsman as a national human rights institution and the international standards governing it, particularly the «paris principles» which include independence, broad mandate, adequate funding, and other aspects, are examined. in the analytical part, through a comparative study of the experiences of establishing and operating similar institutions in countries like turkey, russia, and the united arab emirates, factors influencing their effectiveness are identified. subsequently, the status of existing oversight bodies in iran such as the general inspectorate organization and the article 90 commission of parliament and previous attempts to create a national human rights institution including bills from 2004 and 2021 are evaluated, and the necessity of establishing an independent institution with human rights ombudsman characteristics within the iranian legal framework is analyzed.the research findings indicate that the human rights ombudsman as a national human rights institution, plays a distinct and vital role in legal systems. unlike classic ombudsmen primarily focus on administrative maladministration, these institutions have an explicit mandate to protect and promote human rights and possess broader powers, including initiating investigations into systemic issues, proposing legislative reforms, conducting human rights education, and, in some cases, referring cases to higher authorities like constitutional courts. compliance with the «paris principles», particularly institutional and financial independence, a broad mandate, and accessibility, is essential for the effectiveness of these institutions.