آثار امتناع از قبض موضوع حق در فقه و حقوق تطبیقی

در ﺿﻤﻦ اﺟﺮای ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﻗﺮاردادی و اﻣﺘﻨﺎع داﺋﻦ از ﻗﺒﺾ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﻌﻬﺪ، در ﭘﻲ اﻗﺪام ﻣﺪﻳﻮن ﺑﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺧﻮد ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺣﻖ )اﻋﻢ از ﻛﺎﻻ ﻳﺎ ﺛﻤﻦ(، ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪن ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮاﺋﺖ ذﻣﻪ وی ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻟﺰوم ﻗﺒﺾ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ و آﺛﺎر ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﮔﺬار در ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ اﺳﺖ. از اﻳﻦ رو، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ وﺳﻌﺖ داﻳﺮه ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻮن ﭘﺲ از اﻣﺘﻨﺎع داﺋﻦ، ﻣﺘﺮﺻﺪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ آﺛﺎر اﻣﺘﻨﺎع ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ - ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮای ﺣﺼﻮل ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب، در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻫﺎی ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮای ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻜﻒ اﻋﻢ از اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺿﻤﺎن ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻲ، اﺟﺒﺎر ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻮل و ﺣﻖ ﻓﺴﺦ را در ﻓﻘﻪ اﻣﺎﻣﻴﻪ، ﻛﻨﻮاﻧﺴﻴﻮن ﺑﻴﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻻ و ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ، اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ، ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﺻﻮرت اﻣﺘﻨﺎع داﺋﻦ از وﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻗﺒﺾ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺣﻖ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺳﻘﻮط اﻋﺘﺒﺎر رﺿﺎی وی ﺑﺮای ﻗﺒﺾ دﻳﮕﺮی، ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ داﺋﻦ از ﻋﻬﺪه ﻣﺪﻳﻮن ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد؛ اﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ رﻫﺎ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ اﺗﻼف آن اﺳﺖ، وی ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﺮف دادن آن ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ و در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﺒﻮد ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺎ اﻳﺪاع، از ﺿﻤﺎن ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺎف ﺷﺪه و ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از اﻣﺘﻨﺎع را از داﺋﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ.

the effects of obligee`s refuse to take delivery the subject of obligation in imamiyah jurisprudence and comparative law

in the course of fulfilling the contractual obligations and the obligee refusal to accept performance properly offered to him, as the obligee has fulfilled his obligation (to deliver the obligation subject matter whether goods or money), a few questions arise that each response will have a different effect; such as: “if the obligor provides the conditions for obligee s acceptance of the goods or money; does the obligee discharge as soon as enabling the other party to make delivery” or “should he deliver subject matter to the competent court ? therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the effects of obligee default to determine the scope of legal obligations owed after refusal.accordingly, this article examines the binding effect of default in “imamiyah jurisprudence, united nations convention on contracts for the international sale of goods and england law, including transfer of risk, binding to performance, and avoid of the contract. in doing all the acts which could reasonably be expected of obligor in order to enable the other party to make delivery the subject of obligation but he refuses to take it, due to losing validation of his consent in making delivery by others, the obligee will be discharge, but since the release of the property is like a “waste”, he can deliver it to the court or sequester it in the custody of a person authorized to hold it. deposit or sequestration discharges the obligee from that moment and damages must be borne by the obligor.