جستاری بر مفهوم عدالت اداری

ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اداری ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ از ذﻫﻦ ادراک ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن رخ ﻧﻤﻲ دﻫﺪ؛ ﻓﻠﺬا اﻳﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ (اﺑﮋه) در ﻫﻤﺮاﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ (ﺳﻮﺑﮋه ) آن را ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد و در ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻗﺮاردادﮔﺮا ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد. ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ای ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اداری در ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻗﺮاردادﮔﺮا، ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ روش ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻬﺎدﮔﺮا، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ ﺟﺎن راوﻟﺰ، ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺆلفه ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ، ﺣﻖ و ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺑﻌﺎد ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اداری در ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮق اداری اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ دو وﺟﻬﻲ اﺳﺖ: وﺟﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ آن ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ اﻋﻤﺎل و ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت ﻧﻮﻋﻲ دوﻟﺖ و ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ً از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﮔﺬاری و وﺿﻊ آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮد؛ وﺟﻪ دوم، ﻧﻈﺎرت ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻋﻤﺎل اﺳﺖ. در واﻗﻊ ﻧﻈﺎرت دادﮔﺎه ﻫﺎی اداری ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ دوﻟﺖ اﺳﺖ. از اﻳﻦ رو، ﺟﺪال ﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻓﺮدی و ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اداری ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اداری در ﺑﺎب ﺣﻖ ﻧﻴﺰ در دو وﺟﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻮی و ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ. آﻳﻴﻦ ﻫﺎی اداری و دادرﺳﻲ، اﺑﺰارﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮای ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ وﺟﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺣﻖ اﻧﺪ. اﺧﺬ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﻮردی و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ رﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻈﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺮدم ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت و ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ و ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ از ﺻﻮر ﻣﺎﻫﻮی ﺣﻖ اﻧﺪ. ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اداری ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در اﻧﺪام ﺣﻖ ادﻋﺎ و اﻧﺘﻈﺎرات ﻣﺸﺮوع در ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﻌﺪی ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ای در ﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ دارد و ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮای ﺣﺪاﻗﻠﻲ ﺣﻖ ﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ.

an inquiry about the concept of administrative justice

abstractobjection of the administrative justice conception does not occur independently of the minds of percepts; therefore, this is the objectivity of a cognitive product which enables the object of the identifier to be in conjunction with its subject and is studied in the contractual context. a review of the administrative justice theory in the contractual context, based on institutionalized methodology, is similar to john rawls, theory of justice, requires the consideration of three components of public interest, right and need as the aspects of administrative justice in the administrative law system. the public interest is a twodimensional concept; the first aspect concerns the actions and decisions of a kind of government and public authority which often made through the regulation and statute of law. the second one is judicial review on such acts which are the supervisions of administrative courts on the interest of government and individual benefits. therefore, the conflict between individual benefits and public interests in this aspect of administrative justice is more prominent. the concept of administrative justice on the right is determined in formal and substance dimensions. administrative procedure and procedural code are the means of guaranteeing the right to respect the formal right. obtaining case decisions, as well as investigating public’s claims to the actions and decisions of the authorities, are fundamentally the types of formal right. the third dimension of administrative justice is needed that appears in the rightclaim and legitimate expectations in the legal system.