واکاوی سیاست‌گذاری تقنینی ایکائو در قبال اقدامات تروریستی

اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻫﻮاﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ از ﺑﺪو راه اﻧﺪازی اﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ، از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ و ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎی ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ای ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ آن از ﺣﻴﺚ وﺳﻌﺖ ﺣﺎدﺛﻪ، «ﺣﻮادث 11 ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ 2001» اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪات ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻓﺮاﻣﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ای اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎی ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ آن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺒﺮم و ﻣﺪاوم اﻳﻜﺎﺋﻮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎری ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻛﻠﻴﻪ دوﻟﺖ ﻫﺎی ﻋﻀﻮ ﻧﻴﺎز دارد. ﺑﺎاﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻤﻜﺎری ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮم اﻧﮕﺎری اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻫﻮاﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ، ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ و دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎﻳﻲ را داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ اﻳ ﻦ اﺳﺎس، ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎ، ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻊ و ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﺎی ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه اﻳﻜﺎﺋﻮ، دوﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﻠ ﻲ ﻣﺒﺎدرت ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪو ﻳﻦ و ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ در ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ و ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎی ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از آﺛﺎر ﻣﺨﺮب اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻫﻮاﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺗﺮورﻳﺴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮده اﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ، ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺗﺮورﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪآﻣﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮای ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻗﺪام ارﺗﻜﺎﺑﻲ، در ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﮔﺬاری ﻫﺎی اﻳﻜﺎﺋﻮ در ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ و وﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﺮره ﻫﺎی ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ، ﻛﻴﻔﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﻣﺆﺛﺮی ﻣﻘﺮر ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎت ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ را در اﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ، در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻌﻲ در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ «ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ و ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎی ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻧﻘﺾ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻫﻮاﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد؟ »، »آﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻮای ﻣﻘﺮره ﻫﺎ و اﺳﻨﺎد ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﺼﻮب اﻳﻜﺎﺋﻮ در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺗﻬﺪ ﻳ ﺪﻫﺎی ﭘ ﻴﺶ روی اﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻫﻮاﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﻨﺪ؟« و «ﭼﻪ ﺳﺎزوﻛﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ و راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎ ی اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ در ﺑﺮﻗﺮاری اﻣﻨﻴﺖ و ارﺗﻘﺎی آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻓﺮودﮔﺎه ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺪ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻧﻤﻮد؟ »، ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ . اﻟﺒﺘﻪ روش ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ از ﺣﻴﺚ اﻫﺪاف ﻣﻄﺮوﺣﻪ، «اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻲ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ای» و از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ آوری داده ﻫﺎ، «ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ای» اﺳﺖ.

evaluation of icao legislative policies in enhancing the security of aviation

analysis of icao legislative policymaking against terrorist acts   peyman namamian assistant professor of law department arak university abstract since the startup of aviation industry, illegal acts against aviation security have been among factors effective in creating widespread threats and challenges one of the most important of which is 11.09 events in terms of the extent of events. global threats and transnational nature of this industry require global strategies to fight such challenges and threats, and need express and continuous attention as well as extensive cooperation by international civil aviation organization (icao) and state parties collectively. however, some achievements and success have been made by international community through global cooperation regarding criminalization of illegal acts against aviation security. on this basis, in addition to international institutions, societies and organizations, especially icao, all governments have attempted to codify and pass legal rules to confront threats and challenges caused by destructive effects of illegal acts against aviation security, including terrorism, at national levels. after all, given the growth of terrorist threatening acts against aviation security and the importance of providing security in this field, there should be proportional and effective punishments established for any acts committed in order to facilitate deterrence in this area in framework of icao policymaking to codify and pass international provisions. therefore, present paper was intended to answer such questions as «how can threats and challenges caused by violation of aviation security be encountered?«, «are the contents of international regulations and instruments passed by icao sufficient to encounter threats facing aviation security?« and «which operational mechanisms and executive strategies should be adopted to establish and enhance security at airports?« it should be noted that research methodology of present paper is exploratory – developmental regarding objectives stated, and is of library type regarding data collection. key word: aviation industry, aviation security, unlawful acts against aviation, industry, terrorism, icao