high concentration of tnf-α can involved in malignancy promotion of triple-negative breast cancer patients

Background: breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women. inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) play a critical role in cancer pathogenesis and malignancy. objectives: this study aimed to evaluate serum levels of tnf-α across different subtypes and stages of breast cancer. methods: serum samples were collected from 114 patients with various subtypes and stages of breast cancer. tumor necrosis factor-α levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). results: serum tnf-α levels were significantly higher in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (tnbc) compared to those with other breast cancer subtypes (p < 0.0001). additionally, tnf-α levels were markedly higher in patients with stage iii carcinoma than in those with stages i and ii (p < 0.0001). among stage iii tnbc patients, tnf-α concentrations were significantly higher than those in stage iii patients from other groups (p < 0.05). conclusions: evaluating serum tnf-α concentrations can provide valuable insights for estimating cancer prognosis and guiding patient management.