خیار غبن حادث در عقد اجاره

یکی از خیارات جاری در عقود لازم و از جمله اجاره، خیار غبن است. غبنی که مطابق قانون مدنی و قول مشهور فقها و حقوق‌دانان در این عقد جریان دارد، غبن موجود در حین عقد (غبن مقارن) است و غبنی که پس از تشکیل قرارداد و در مرحلهٔ اجرای تعهّدات، حادث می‌شود، کمتر مورد توجّه صاحب‌نظران قرار گرفته است. از آن‌جا که عقد اجاره از عقودی است که تعهّدات طرفین در طول زمان اجرا می‌شود و صرف تسلیم عین مستاجره از سوی موجِر، اجرای تمام تعهّد به‌شمار نمی‌آید؛ بررسی غبنِ حادث در عقد اجاره، دارای اهمیت است؛ زیرا ممکن است تغییر شرایطْ موجب بر هم خوردن تعادل عوضین پس از تشکیل عقد و در زمان اجرا شود. با استناد به دلایلی چون قاعدهٔ لاضرر و شرط ضمنی و نیز بنای عقلا و در نهایت عیب رضا، مدّعای نویسندهٔ این مقاله آن است که حدوث غبن در حین اجرای عقد اجاره نیز همانند وجود غبن در زمان انعقاد قرارداد، برای طرفی که مغبون شده، حق خیار ایجاد می‌کند. چنین راه‌حلی، هم به کارآمدی نظام معاملی و اقتصادی کنونی کمک می‌کند و هم منطبق بر مبانی مورد قبول نظام حقوقی ایران است.

The Authority of Loss Occurring in the Lease Contract

One of the current authorities in necessary contracts, including lease contract, is the authority of loss. The loss that is based on the civil law and the most jurists’ viewpoints is the loss that exists during the conclusion of the contract (simultaneous loss), and the loss that occurs after the conclusion of the contract and at the stage of fulfilling the obligations has received less attention from the experts. Since the lease contract is one of the contracts, in which the obligations of the parties are fulfilled over time and since all the obligations are not considered fulfilled only due to landlord withdrawing from the object of the lease, it is important to examine the authority of loss occurring in the lease contract, because it is possible that any change in circumstances may make the parties lose their balance after or at the time the contract has been concluded. Based on arguments such as the noharm principles and the implicit condition, as well as the intellectuals’ viewpoints and finally compulsion, the author of this paper claims that the occurrence of loss during the conclusion of the lease contract like the existence of loss at the time of concluding the contract can cause the right of authority for the party that has lost something in the contract. Such a solution would both help the efficiency of the current trade and economic system and it is in line with the principles accepted by the Iranian legal system.