جستاری فقهی حقوقی در خصوص دفن اموات در املاک شخصی

از دیرباز، دفن اموات در املاک شخصی، مانند دفن بسیاری از مشاهیر در منازل شخصی خود، در جوامع گوناگون با انگیزه‌های مختلفی صورت پذیرفته است. حکم اولیه اسلام در این خصوص، با استناد به دلایلی هم‌چون «سنت معصوم»، «عدم ردع شارع» و «قاعده تسلیط»، جواز دفن اموات در املاک شخصی است. با این حال، پس از گسترش شهرنشینی و اقتضائات دوران جدید، و با توجه به مفاسد احتمالی فراوان، نمی‌توان حکم اولیه پیش‌گفته مبنی بر جواز دفن را، به صورت مطلق صادر کرد. در نظام حقوقی ایران نیز، اگر چه مطابق با ماده 30 قانون مدنی که با اقتباس از قاعده فقهی تسلیط، به مالک حق تصرف همه‌جانبه بر مایملک خویش اعطاء شده است، لکن با توجه به ماده 132 از همان قانون که قیود تحدیدکننده این حق را برشمرده است، و هم‌چنین ماده 635 از باب تعزیرات قانون مجازات اسلامی، هم‌اینک اصل بر ممنوعیت مطلق دفن اموات در املاک شخصی است. نگارندگان این ممنوعیت مطلق را با ایراداتی مواجه دانسته‌اند و در ضمن پژوهش حاضر پیشنهاد شده است که در صورت متعارف بودن این تصرف، اخذ گواهی رسمی دفن، عدم اضرار به غیر، عدم ایجاد آسیب روانی، عدم شیوع بیماری‌های محیطی، و به‌علاوه جبران خسارت احتمالی توسط مالک در صورت تاثیرگذاری منفی این امر بر ارزش املاک مجاور، دفن اموات در املاک شخصی به‌صورت موردی مجاز دانسته شود.

a legal inquiry into the burial of the deceased on private properties in islamic jurisprudence

introduction ‌the tradition of burying the deceased on private properties, resulting in the formation of family gravesites outside public cemeteries, is a practice driven by a complex mix of emotional, financial, and urban development considerations. this practice, which includes the establishment of family mausoleums by aristocratic families and notables, is historically rooted in various countries, including islamic religious cities concerning certain esteemed islamic scholars. while some of these private burial sites have transitioned into public cemeteries, their inception was not intended for public use, underscoring a tradition of proprietary control over such burials. the practice raises significant questions within the framework of islamic jurisprudence and law, especially concerning absolute legal authority of the owner to exercise dominion or control over property [taslit] (absolute right of an owner to deal with his property as he wishes) and its implications for burying individuals on private property. this inquiry seeks to explore the stance of islamic law and jurisprudence, alongside modern legal systems, on the legality and permissibility of such burials amidst contemporary urban and societal challenges.‌ research question ‌the central question guiding this research is whether islamic law and jurisprudence, alongside national laws in islamic countries, permit the burial of the deceased on private property, given the broad implications for urban development, public health, and societal norms. this question encompasses the investigation of the extent to which the principle of dominance within islamic jurisprudence allows for such practices and how contemporary urban living requirements and societal interests intersect with or diverge from these traditional practices.‌ research hypothesis ‌the hypothesis posited by the authors suggests a potential reconciliation between the islamic jurisprudential rule of absolute legal authority of the owner to exercise dominion over property [tasleet] and the no harm principle [la-za’rar], proposing that it might be permissible to bury the deceased on one’s private property under specific circumstances. this hypothesis implies a nuanced understanding of property rights within islamic law that accommodates the evolving needs of modern urban societies while adhering to islamic legal principles and societal values.‌ methodology & framework, if applicable ‌the methodology adopted in this study is descriptive, analytical, and doctrinal, aiming to dissect and understand the multifaceted issue of burial on private properties within the context of islamic jurisprudence and law. this approach involves an extensive review of primary and secondary sources, including jurisprudential rulings, works of islamic scholars, and legal texts, to elucidate the foundational islamic ruling on burial practices. the analysis further extends to the examination of modern positive law, particularly iranian civil law and islamic penal code, and its treatment of such burials considering environmental, social, and urban development aspects. the doctrinal framework is employed to interpret and reconcile traditional islamic rulings with contemporary legal standards and societal expectations, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter and propose viable legal and religious solutions.