خاستگاه قانون در اسلام؛ با نگاهی به شواهد قرآنیِ نظریه قانون طبیعی

خاستگاه قوانین حقوقی و اخلاقی و منشا بایدها و نبایدها، از مسائل اثرگذار بر نظامات حقوقی، اخلاقی و سیاسی است. مکتب قانون طبیعی از جمله مکاتبی است که خاستگاه بایدها و نبایدها را در ذات اعمال جستجو می‌کند و معتقد است که خواست و اراده دولت‌ها و دیگر انسان‌ها در آن اثر ندارد. از دیگر سوی، بدان جهت که قرآن کریم منبعی اساسی برای ساختار قوانین اسلام به شمار می‌آید، بایسته است هر یک از پاسخ‌های ارائه شده به مساله خاستگاه حقوق و قوانین همچون مکتب قانون طبیعی را در ترازوی سنجش قرآنی قرار داد؛ به این معنا که آیا قرآن کریم قانون‌گذاری الهی را از قبیل قوانین قراردادی می‌داند یا آنکه نگاه کتاب آسمانی بر مفاهیم مرتبط با مکتب قانون طبیعی همانند نظریه حسن و قبح ذاتی اعمال استوار است؟ اهمیت و ضرورت این مساله آنگاه است که برخی از فرقه‌های اسلامی و نیز برخی دیگر از اندیشمندان، قوانین الهی و دینی را در زمره قوانین قراردادی قلمداد کرده‌اند و چه بسا نظام قانون‌گذاری اسلام را نگرشی نوین در برابر مکتب قانون طبیعی و مکتب حقوق قراردادی دانسته‌اند. پژوهش حاضر مبتنی بر تحلیل مفهومی مکتب قانون طبیعی و مکتب حقوق موضوعه و با بهره‌گیری از رویکردی تحلیلی و استنتاجی به بررسی شواهدی چند از آیات قرآن کریم پرداخته است. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان‌گر آن بوده است که این کتاب مقدس قوانین را از قبیل قوانین قراردادی نمی‌داند بلکه شواهدی چند، نشان‌گر همسویی آیات وحی در بسیاری از بایسته‌ها، با نظریه قانون طبیعی است.

origin of law in islam; a look at qur’anic evidences in harmony with natural law theory

introductionthe holy quran stands as a foundational source for comprehending the principles that underpin islamic thought across diverse domains, with legal studies and philosophy being notably pivotal. within the realm of legal philosophy, the origin of laws and the identification of sources for distinguishing right from wrong have given rise to various legal doctrines, among which the natural law theory holds significance. this article undertakes an exploration of the origins of law in islam, specifically examining the qur’anic evidences in conjunction with the natural law theory. the focal point is deciphering whether the quran aligns with the principles of natural law or diverges in its perspective on ethical and legal obligations. research questionin the context of islamic legal thought, a fundamental question arises: what is the origin of obligations according to the quran? does the quran provide evidence that resonates with the principles of natural law, or does it present a distinct perspective on ethical and legal obligations? this inquiry is pivotal as its implications extend into legal, legislative, and ethical systems. the central concern lies in determining the criteria for the legitimacy of laws, the standards for ethical conduct, and the broader impact on political philosophy within the islamic framework. the crux of this exploration hinges on unraveling the quranic evidence, especially within the holy quran. research hypothesisthe hypothesis underpinning this research posits that if there exists evidence within the verses of the quran, the origin of rights in islam aligns closely with the principles of natural law theory. the assumption is rooted in the understanding that natural law theory, which asserts the intrinsic nature of rights and wrongs, may find resonance in the divine legislation as expounded in the quran. the research aims to scrutinize and evaluate the quranic verses to discern whether divine legislation is akin to contractual laws or if it aligns more with the inherent concepts of good and evil. the research hypothesis, therefore, becomes a guide in exploring the compatibility between islamic thought and the natural law doctrine. methodology & framework, if applicablethis research adopts a multifaceted methodology to address the complexities of the research question. firstly, it engages in the conceptualization and analysis of natural law theories and positive laws, delineating their primary features and definitions. this serves as the foundational step in creating a comparative framework. subsequently, an analytical and inferential approach is employed towards selected quranic verses. these verses are scrutinized to discern any alignment or disparity with the characteristics of natural law theories. the comparative approach is paramount, placing quranic findings side by side with the tenets of the natural law theory to illuminate potential correlations or distinctions.the historical background is considered crucial, acknowledging the ancient roots of legal philosophy and the formulation of laws in islamic civilization. attention is given to theological discussions, especially those pertaining to the oneness of god and legislation, recognizing the centrality of these themes in the theoretical formulation of the issue. importantly, the research acknowledges the divergence in structure, terminology, and titles between islamic theology and contemporary legal philosophy, highlighting the need to trace the origin of the issue within theological and doctrinal foundations.